In the Imperial Age, many ports in Italy had been built in opus
coementicium. The most important ones were in Latium (eg. Portus
Romae, Antium and Centumcellae), in the Phlegrean Fields (portus
Iulius, Misenum, Puteoli and Baiae) and along the northern-Adriatic
coast (Classis-Ravenna, Aquileia and Altino). The military fleets
of Augustus, in particular, were quartered in the ports of Classis
and Misenum. Most Roman ports were located at river mouths and/or
in lagoon areas and were connected with inland areas by rivers or
artificial canals. For this reason, port structures (piers and
warehouses) were set at some distance from the sea, as in Rome
(Emporium of Testaccio along the Tiber), in Pisa-San Rossore and in
the Po valley. In Late Antiquity many of the Roman ports gradually
fell into disuse while others continued until the 7th century. In
Ravenna, however, a new port settlement, known as Civitas Classis,
came into being in the 5th century, after the creation of the
suburb of Portus Romae. In the Early Middle Ages, the
northern-Adriatic coast became very important in connection with
trade with Constantinople. New settlements equipped with timber
port structures were created at Comacchio, Cittanova and in the
Venetian lagoon. If maritime trade in the Tyrrhenian Sea decreased
(although to a lesser extent in Byzantine towns like Naples),
river-borne traade was still dynamic and often managed by abbeys
and other ecclesiastical institutions. According to historical
sources, many river wharves were located along the Po while San
Vincenzo abbey managed the Volturno river. The Carolingian river
wharves of San Vincenzo were composed of timber, stone and,
according to the Roman tradition, concrete structures. A slow
recovery of maritime trades is already evident in the Carolingian
Age. This book analyses the Roman and early medieval ports of Italy
and the building techniques used in their structures; it displays
the elements of continuity and discontinuity revealed during these
centuries.
General
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