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Are Theories of Learning Necessary (Paperback)
Loot Price: R280
Discovery Miles 2 800
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Are Theories of Learning Necessary (Paperback)
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Loot Price R280
Discovery Miles 2 800
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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Donate to Against Period Poverty
Total price: R300
Discovery Miles: 3 000
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Certain basic assumptions, essential to any scientific activity,
are sometimes called theories. That nature is orderly rather than
capricious is an example. Certain statements are also theories
simply to the extent that they are not yet facts. A scientist may
guess at the result of an experiment before the experiment is
carried out. The prediction and the later statement of result may
be composed of the same terms in the same syntactic arrangement,
the difference being in the degree of confidence. No empirical
statement is wholly non-theoretical in this sense, because evidence
is never complete, nor is any prediction probably ever made wholly
without evidence. The term "theory" will not refer here to
statements of these sorts but rather to any explanation of an
observed fact which appeals to events taking place somewhere else,
at some other level of observation, described in different terms,
and measured, if at all, in different dimensions. Research designed
with respect to theory is also likely to be wasteful. That a theory
generates research does not prove its value unless the research is
valuable. Much useless experimentation results from theories, and
much energy and skill are absorbed by them. Most theories are
eventually overthrown, and the greater part of the associated
research is discarded. This could be justified if it were true that
productive research requires a theory, as is, of course, often
claimed. It is argued that research would be aimless and
disorganized without a theory to guide it. The view is supported by
psychological texts that take their cue from the logicians rather
than empirical science and describe thinking as necessarily
involving stages of hypothesis, deduction, experimental test, and
confirmation. But this is not the way most scientists actually
work. It is possible to design significant experiments for other
reasons and the possibility to be examined is that such research
will lead more directly to the kind of information that a science
usually accumulates.
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