During the last few centuries, natural philosophers, and more
recently vision scientists, have recognized that a fundamental
problem in biological vision is that the sources underlying visual
stimuli are unknowable in any direct sense, because of the inherent
ambiguity of the stimuli that impinge on sensory receptors. The
light that reaches the eye from any scene conflates the
contributions of reflectance, illumination, transmittance, and
subsidiary factors that affect these primary physical parameters.
Spatial properties such as the size, distance and orientation of
physical objects are also conflated in light stimuli. As a result,
the provenance of light reaching the eye at any moment is
uncertain. This quandary is referred to as the inverse optics
problem. This book considers the evidence that the human visual
system solves this problem by incorporating past human experience
of what retinal images have typically corresponded to in the real
world.
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