This book addresses the unique and profound indeterminacy of
“Creole,†a label applied to white, black, and mixed-race
persons born in French colonies during the nineteenth century.
"Creole†implies that the geography of one’s birth determines
identity in ways that supersede race, language, nation, and social
status. Paradoxically, the very capaciousness of the term
engendered a perpetual search for visual signs of racial difference
as well as a pretense to blindness about the intermingling of races
in Creole society. Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby reconstructs the search
for visual signs of racial difference among people whose
genealogies were often repressed. She explores French
representations of Creole subjects and representations by Creole
artists in France, the Caribbean, and the Americas. To do justice
to the complexity of Creole identity, Grigsby interrogates the
myriad ways in which people defined themselves in relation to
others. With close attention to the differences between Afro-Creole
and Euro-Creole cultures and persons, Grigsby
examines figures such as Théodore
Chassériau, Guillaume Guillon-Lethière, Alexandre
Dumas père, Édouard
Manet, Edgar Degas, the models Joseph
and Laure, Josephine Bonaparte, Jeanne Duval, and Adah
Isaacs Menken. Based on extensive archival research, Creole
is an original and important examination of colonial identity. This
essential study will be welcomed by specialists in
nineteenth-century art history, French cultural history, the
history of race, and transatlantic history more generally.
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