During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were
debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller
nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their
fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen
Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely
impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight
would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the
colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to
Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of
four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and
Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political
upheavals in all four of these countries.
This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the
Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and
the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader
"Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international
order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and
Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging
nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted
it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into
action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the
Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated
the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these
societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements--Mao
Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others--were
profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time.
The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson'sinfluence
on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot
be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just
how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of
nationalism that is still resonating globally today.
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