Religious toleration is much discussed these days. But where did
the Western notion of toleration come from? In this
thought-provoking book Gary Remer traces arguments for religious
toleration back to the Renaissance, demonstrating how humanist
thinkers initiated an intellectual tradition that has persisted
even to our present day. Although toleration has long been
recognized as an important theme in Renaissance humanist thinking,
many scholars have mistakenly portrayed the humanists as
proto-Englightenment rationalists and nascent liberals.
Remer, however, offers the surprising conclusion that humanist
thinking on toleration was actually founded on the classical
tradition of rhetoric. It was the rhetorician's commitment to
decorum, the ability to argue both sides of an issue, and the
search for an acceptable epistemological standard in probability
and consensus that grounded humanist arguments for toleration.
Remer also finds that the primary humanist model for a full-fledged
theory of toleration was the Ciceronian rhetorical category of
sermo (conversation).
The historical scope of this book is wide-ranging. Remer begins
by focusing on the works of four humanists: Desiderius Erasmus,
Jacobus Acontius, William Chillingworth, and Jean Bodin. Then he
considers the challenge posed to the humanist defense of toleration
by Thomas Hobbes and Pierre Bayle. Finally, he shows how humanist
ideas have continued to influence arguments for toleration even
after the passing of humanism--from John Locke to contemporary
American discussions of freedom of speech.
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