Walters sets forth an interactive model of lifestyle
development, which is divided into three phases. Initiation, the
first phase of lifestyle development, is the point at which
lifestyle-supporting belief systems evolve from interactions taking
place between incentive (existential fear), opportunity (risk
factors and learning experiences), and choice (decision-making).
Before a pattern becomes a lifestyle, it must proceed through a
transitional phase in which lifestyle-promoting outcome
expectancies are formed and lifestyle-congruent skills are learned.
This is followed by a third phase in which the lifestyle is
maintained by additional incentive-opportunity-choice
interactions.
Before a person can exit a lifestyle he or she must proceed
through a four-phase process in which the first phase (initiation)
is to review life lessons and form attributions that temporarily
arrest the lifestyle. Once this is accomplished, the next step
(transition) is to challenge lifestyle-supporting outcome
expectancies and develop skills designed to build self-confidence.
The third phase of lifestyle change is to maintain the change by
finding involvements, commitments, and identifications incompatible
with the lifestyle. This is followed by a fourth or change phase,
the goal of which is to illustrate that change is an ongoing and
never-ending process. Each phase of change is directed by four core
elements--responsibility, meaning, community and
confidence--designed to foster change by tapping into a person's
natural ability to self-organize. Scholars, researchers, and
practitioners involved with psychology, personality, and behavioral
change will be particularly interested in this analysis.
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