The history of the Black Sea as a source of Mediterranean slaves
stretches from ancient Greek colonies to human trafficking networks
in the present day. At its height during the fourteenth and early
fifteenth centuries, the Black Sea slave trade was not the sole
source of Mediterranean slaves; Genoese, Venetian, and Egyptian
merchants bought captives taken in conflicts throughout the region,
from North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, the Balkans, and the Aegean
Sea. Yet the trade in Black Sea slaves provided merchants with
profit and prestige; states with military recruits, tax revenue,
and diplomatic influence; and households with the service of women,
men, and children. Even though Genoa, Venice, and the Mamluk
sultanate of Egypt and Greater Syria were the three most important
strands in the web of the Black Sea slave trade, they have rarely
been studied together. Examining Latin and Arabic sources in
tandem, Hannah Barker shows that Christian and Muslim inhabitants
of the Mediterranean shared a set of assumptions and practices that
amounted to a common culture of slavery. Indeed, the Genoese,
Venetian, and Mamluk slave trades were thoroughly entangled, with
wide-ranging effects. Genoese and Venetian disruption of the Mamluk
trade led to reprisals against Italian merchants living in Mamluk
cities, while their participation in the trade led to scathing
criticism by supporters of the crusade movement who demanded
commercial powers use their leverage to weaken the force of Islam.
Reading notarial registers, tax records, law, merchants' accounts,
travelers' tales and letters, sermons, slave-buying manuals, and
literary works as well as treaties governing the slave trade and
crusade propaganda, Barker gives a rich picture of the context in
which merchants traded and enslaved people met their fate.
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