Did Freud present a scientific hypothesis about the unconscious,
as he always maintained and as many of his disciples keep
repeating? This question has long prompted debates concerning the
legitimacy and usefulness of psychoanalysis, and it is of utmost
importance to Lacanian analysts, whose main project has been to
stress Freud's scientific grounding. Here Jacques Bouveresse, a
noted authority on Ludwig Wittgenstein, contributes to the debate
by turning to this Austrian-born philosopher and contemporary of
Freud for a candid assessment of the early issues surrounding
psychoanalysis. Wittgenstein, who himself had delivered a
devastating critique of traditional philosophy, sympathetically
pondered Freud's claim to have produced a scientific theory in
proposing a new model of the human psyche. What Wittgenstein
recognized--and what Bouveresse so eloquently stresses for today's
reader--is that psychoanalysis does not aim to produce a change
limited to the intellect but rather seeks to provoke an authentic
change of human attitudes. The beauty behind the theory of the
unconscious for Wittgenstein is that it breaks away from
scientific, causal explanations to offer new forms of thinking and
speaking, or rather, a new mythology.
Offering a critical view of all the texts in which Wittgenstein
mentions Freud, Bouveresse immerses us in the intellectual climate
of Vienna in the early part of the twentieth century. Although we
come to see why Wittgenstein did not view psychoanalysis as a
science proper, we are nonetheless made to feel the philosopher's
sense of wonder and respect for the cultural task Freud took on as
he found new ways meaningfully to discuss human concerns.
Intertwined in this story of Wittgenstein's grappling with the
theory of the unconscious is the story of how he came to question
the authority of science and of philosophy itself. While aiming
primarily at the clarification of Wittgenstein's opinion of Freud,
Bouveresse's book can be read as a challenge to the French
psychoanalytic school of Lacan and as a provocative commentary on
cultural authority.
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