Structures cannot be created without engineering theory, and design
rules have existed from the earliest times for building Greek
temples, Roman aqueducts and Gothic cathedrals -- and later, for
steel skyscrapers and the frames for aircraft. This book is,
however, not concerned with the description of historical feats,
but with the way the structural engineer sets about his business.
Galileo, in the seventeenth century, was the first to introduce
recognizably modem science into the calculation of structures; he
determined the breaking strength of beams. In the eighteenth
century engineers moved away from this 'ultimate load' approach,
and early in the nineteenth century a formal philosophy of design
had been established -- a structure should remain elastic, with a
safety factor on stress built into the analysis. This philosophy
held sway for over a century, until the first tests on real
structures showed that the stresses confidently calculated by
designers could not actually be measured in practice. Structural
engineering has taken a completely different path since the middle
of the twentieth century; plastic analysis reverts to Galileo's
objective of the calculation of ultimate strength, and powerful new
theorems now underpin the activities of the structural engineer.
This book deals with a technical subject, but the presentation
is completely non-mathematical. It makes available to the engineer,
the architect and the general reader the principles of structural
design.
General
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