In this groundbreaking critique of both traditional and Marxist
notions of feudalism and of the pre-capitalist state, John Haldon
considers the configuration of state and social relations in
medieval Europe and Mughal India as well as in Byzantium and the
Ottoman Empire. He argues that a Marxist reading of the
pre-capitalist state can take account of the autonomy of power
relations and avoid economic reductionism while still focusing on
the forms of tribute which sustained the ruling power. Haldon
explores the conflicts to which these gave rise and shows the
Ottoman state elite, often held to be a clear example of
independence from underlying social relations, to be deeply
enmeshed in economic relationships and the extraction of tribute.
Haldon argues that feudalism was the specifically European form of
a much more widely diffused tributary mode, whose characteristic
social relations and structural constraints can be seen at work in
the Byzantine, Ottoman and Mughal empires as well. While
acknowledging the range of ideological and cultural variation
within and between these examples of the tributary mode, Haldon
denies the thesis that such "superstructural" variations themselves
yielded fundamentally contrasting social relations.
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