Continuities in artistic form from the fourteenth century in
Italy to the present are examined, with emphasis on two overriding
tendencies: (1) the formalization of visual representations and
their interpretations, and (2) the association of that formality
with extreme individualism in the Western world. Challenges to the
tradition struck only at certain aspects of it (such as strict
perspective and the hierarchy of subject matter) but did not
undercut such fundamental characteristics as the nature of a given
visual space or harmony derived from concentration of elements
rather than, for example, cumulative distribution of elements,
commonplace in Islamic and Early Christian art. Theories of art
history and criticism have expressed the same inclination toward
focusing on pictorial form and the contextual implications of it,
not just because post-medieval art does so, but also because of the
influence of Enlightenment philosophical thought. Kantian
epistemology, too, reduces knowledge to form, a development that
led theorists of Pure Visibility to establish an abstract formalism
in opposition to the doctrines of content in the idealistic
aesthetics that had survived from the pre-Christian Era. It is no
accident that the development of this theory is coeval with the
emergence of modernism, for both are expressive of the same
individualistic concept of existence. Attempts to resist the
conception of art as order on the grounds that such rationalism is
inimical to free thought have ultimately revealed themselves to be
alternative versions of what they resist; thus, deconstructionism,
for example, is hardly more than an extreme formalization of
conventional criticism.
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