Solidarity--the reciprocal relations of trust and obligation
between citizens that are essential for a thriving polity--is a
basic goal of all political communities. Yet it is extremely
difficult to achieve, especially in multiracial societies. In an
era of increasing global migration and democratization, that issue
is more pressing than perhaps ever before. In the past few decades,
racial diversity and the problems of justice that often accompany
it have risen dramatically throughout the world. It features
prominently nearly everywhere: from the United States, where it has
been a perennial social and political problem, to Europe, which has
experienced an unprecedented influx of Muslim and African
immigrants, to Latin America, where the rise of vocal black and
indigenous movements has brought the question to the fore.
Political theorists have long wrestled with the topic of political
solidarity, but they have not had much to say about the impact of
race on such solidarity, except to claim that what is necessary is
to move beyond race. The prevailing approach has been: How can a
multicultural and multiracial polity, with all of the different
allegiances inherent in it, be transformed into a unified, liberal
one? Juliet Hooker flips this question around. In multiracial and
multicultural societies, she argues, the practice of political
solidarity has been indelibly shaped by the social fact of race.
The starting point should thus be the existence of racialized
solidarity itself: How can we create political solidarity when
racial and cultural diversity are more or less permanent? Unlike
the tendency to claim that the best way to deal with the problem of
racism is to abandon the concept of race altogether, Hooker
stresses the importance of coming to terms with racial injustice,
and explores the role that it plays in both the United States and
Latin America. Coming to terms with the lasting power of racial
identity, she contends, is the starting point for any political
project attempting to achieve solidarity.
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