With the advent of Magna Carta, royal power fell under written
secular law and individual liberties were codified. Representative
government, common law, and key trial rights such as habeas corpus
grew out of these landmark documents. Magna Carta Magna Carta is
the name later given to a document signed by king John of England
under pressure from the barons and other notables of England in the
summer of 1215 at a meadow called Runnymede, which is on the river
Thames between London and Windsor. This remarkable document
resulted from an aristocratic rebellion against the crown, sparked
by king John's abusive use of his customary rights as lord of
England. Though the rebellion began with the barons - who benefited
most from John's concessions - success was ensured by John's
alienation of the church and the rising merchant class, symbolized
by the City of London. But remarkable as the original agreement
was, it acquired its elevated position in the legal and
constitutional history of England as much from what men thought it
said as from what its provisions actually contained. Magna Carta
was actually issued several times during the 12th century, often
with substantial revisions. Entangled in dynastic wars at home and
in France, and carrying on Crusades in the Holy Land, English kings
required tremendous amounts of money to finance their armies and
pay for the increasingly centralized government. Unsurprisingly,
sentiments of rebellion grew stronger and stronger among the landed
barons and wealthy merchants as royal demands for their money grew
heavier and heavier. Thematically oriented chapters help readers
differentiate fact from fiction regarding this pivotal charter in
the history ofhuman freedom. Furthermore, the pivotal roles played
by the Church, of the landed barons, and of the emerging merchants
in England's towns in extracting the concessions from the crown are
discussed in broad, yet detailed, strokes. Chapters on Magna
Carta's profound influence on common law and the development of
representative government follow. Fifteen biographies of key
figures like Henry II, Pope Innocent III, William the Conqueror and
Eleanor of Aquitaine enhance the narrative chapters, as do the
extensive extracts of the Coronation Oath of Henry I, Magna Cartas
of 1215 and 1225, the Charter of the Forest of 1225, and the final
Confirmation of the Charters from 1297. Glossary, annotated
timeline, maps, bibliography, and index are included.
General
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