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Tumor Marker and Carcinogenesis (Hardcover)
Loot Price: R2,428
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Tumor Marker and Carcinogenesis (Hardcover)
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Cancer may be regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an
(i) abnormal growth of cells (ii) ability to invade adjacent tissue
and even distant organs and(iii) the eventual death of the affected
patient if the tumor has progressed beyond that stage when it can
be successfully removed . Cancer can occur at any site or tissue of
the body and may involve any type of cells. In 1995 the south East
Asia Region of WHO found that there is great majority of cancers of
the oral cavity in India . These and other international variations
in the pattern of oral cancer are attributed to multiple factors
such as environmental factors, food habits, life style, genetic
factor or even inadequacy in detection and reporting of cases. Oral
cancers are also predominantly environment related and have socio
-cultural relationship31. Majority of malignancies arising in oral
mucosa are epithelial in origin approximately 90% of being squamous
cell carcinomas .Management of oral carcinoma includes early
diagnosis, accurate assessment of prognosis and proper therapeutic
intervention. Tumor markers play an important role in all the
aspect of management of oral cancer. Tumor markers are a group of
proteins(oncoprotein, immunoglobulin, albumin, globulin),
hormones(adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin,
catecholamines), enzymes(acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase,
amylase, creatine kinase), receptors(estrogen receptor,
progesterone receptor, interleukin-2 receptor, and epidermal growth
factor receptor), and other cellular products that are over
expressed (produced in higher than normal amounts) by malignant
cells48. Tumor markers are usually normal cellular constituents
that are present at normal or very low levels in the blood of
healthy persons and the Carcinogenesis (meaning literally, the
creation of cancer) is the process by which normal cells are
transformed in to cancer cells. Carcinogenesis is a multistep
process resulting from the sequential perturbation of both positive
and regulatory networks that normally allow the somatic cell to
live a cooperative existence within the society of normal cells
that comprise an organism. Normal cells even programmed to give
their own life for the good of the organism. Any genetic or
epigenetic changes that allow a cell to escape these societal
constraints represent a step toward cancer. Survival of the fittest
cells allows for the clonal expansion of progeny cells with ever
increasing numbers of genetic or epigenetic changes that favor even
greater antisocial and selfish behavior of the cancer cell within
the organism. Carcinogenesis is caused by mutation of the genetic
material of normal cells, which upsets the normal balance between
proliferation and cell death. This results in uncontrolled cell
division and tumor formation. The uncontrolled and often rapid
proliferation of cells can lead to benign tumors. Some types of
these may turn in to malignant tumors.
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