This book describes the evolving CBRN risk landscape and highlights
advances in the "core" CBRN technologies, including when combined
with (improvised) explosive devices (CBRNe threats). It analyses
how associated technologies create new safety and security risks,
challenging certain assumptions that underlie current control
regimes. The book also shows how technologies can be enablers for
more effective strategies to mitigate these risks. 21st-century
safety and security risks emanating from chemical, biological,
radiological and nuclear materials - whether resulting from natural
events, accidents or malevolent use - are increasingly shaped by
technologies that enable their development, production or use in
ways that differ from the past. Artificial intelligence, the use of
cyberspace, the revolution in the life sciences, new manufacturing
methods, new platforms and equipment for agent delivery, hypersonic
weapons systems, information tools utilised in hybrid warfare -
these and other technologies are reshaping the global security
environment and CBRN landscape. They are leading to a growing
potential for highly targeted violence, and they can lead to
greater instability and vulnerability worldwide. At the same time,
technology offers solutions to manage CBRN risks. Examples are
faster detection, more accurate characterisation of the nature and
origin of CBRN agents, new forensic investigation methods, or new
medical treatments for victims of CBRN incidents. New educational
concepts help to foster a culture of responsibility in science and
technology and strengthen governance. New training methods help
develop practical skills to manage CBRN risks more effectively. The
book concludes that there is a growing need for a holistic
framework towards CBRN risk mitigation. Traditional arms control
mechanisms such as global, regional or bilateral treaties and
export controls are still needed, as they provide a necessary legal
and institutional framework. But laws and technology denial alone
will not suffice, and institutional mechanisms can at times be
weak. Given the pace of technological progress and the diffusion of
critical knowledge, tools and materials, policymakers must accept
that CBRN risks cannot be eliminated altogether. Instead, society
has to learn to manage these risks and develop resilience against
them. This requires a "softer", broadly based multi-stakeholder
approach involving governments, industry, the research and
development communities, educators, and civil society. Furthermore,
educating policymakers that cutting-edge technologies may seriously
affect global strategic stability could create incentives for
developing a more creative and contemporary arms control strategy
that fosters cooperation rather than incremental polarisation.
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