The assessment of individual differences has a long history. As
early as 2200 B.C. the Chinese were employing methods to select
candidates for civil service positions. Over the ensuing centuries
philosophers, theologians, and the nobility all noticed and debated
the role of "character" in shaping the destiny and quality of
individual lives. This interest spawned widely different methods of
evaluating the timbre of temperament-bumps on the head, lines on
the hand, shape of the body-all of which were em ployed in attempts
to gain insight into basic human motives. The emer gence of the
scientific method and its application to this endeavor
reinvigorated society's efforts in this direction, and an abundant
variety of assessment instruments consequently became available.
The outbreak of World War I created a need for the efficient assess
ment of individual differences in large groups. Such instruments as
the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet and the Army Alpha Test resulted
in gen uine breakthroughs in assessment technology. These tests
provided stan dardized sets of items that permitted quantitative
comparisons among people. Over the years, numerous scales have been
developed which have been based on widely differing levels of
psychometric sophistication.
General
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