Outer billiards is a basic dynamical system defined relative to
a convex shape in the plane. B. H. Neumann introduced this system
in the 1950s, and J. Moser popularized it as a toy model for
celestial mechanics. All along, the so-called Moser-Neumann
question has been one of the central problems in the field. This
question asks whether or not one can have an outer billiards system
with an unbounded orbit. The Moser-Neumann question is an idealized
version of the question of whether, because of small disturbances
in its orbit, the Earth can break out of its orbit and fly away
from the Sun. In "Outer Billiards on Kites," Richard Schwartz
presents his affirmative solution to the Moser-Neumann problem. He
shows that an outer billiards system can have an unbounded orbit
when defined relative to any irrational kite. A kite is a
quadrilateral having a diagonal that is a line of bilateral
symmetry. The kite is irrational if the other diagonal divides the
quadrilateral into two triangles whose areas are not rationally
related. In addition to solving the basic problem, Schwartz relates
outer billiards on kites to such topics as Diophantine
approximation, the modular group, self-similar sets, polytope
exchange maps, profinite completions of the integers, and
solenoids--connections that together allow for a fairly complete
analysis of the dynamical system.
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