Why are living things alive? As a theoretical biologist, Robert
Rosen saw this as the most fundamental of all questions-and yet it
had never been answered satisfactorily by science. The answers to
this question would allow humanity to make an enormous leap forward
in our understanding of the principles at work in our world.
For centuries, it was believed that the only scientific approach
to the question "What is life?" must proceed from the Cartesian
metaphor (organism as machine). Classical approaches in science,
which also borrow heavily from Newtonian mechanics, are based on a
process called "reductionism." The thinking was that we can better
learn about an intricate, complicated system (like an organism) if
we take it apart, study the components, and then reconstruct the
system-thereby gaining an understanding of the whole.
However, Rosen argues that reductionism does not work in biology
and ignores the complexity of organisms. "Life Itself," a landmark
work, represents the scientific and intellectual journey that led
Rosen to question reductionism and develop new scientific
approaches to understanding the nature of life. Ultimately, Rosen
proposes an answer to the original question about the causal basis
of life in organisms. He asserts that renouncing the mechanistic
and reductionistic paradigm does not mean abandoning science.
Instead, Rosen offers an alternate paradigm for science that takes
into account the relational impacts of organization in natural
systems and is based on organized matter rather than on particulate
matter alone.
Central to Rosen's work is the idea of a "complex system,"
defined as any system that cannot be fully understood by reducing
it to its parts. In this sense, complexity refers to the causal
impact of organization on the system as a whole. Since both the
atom and the organism can be seen to fit that description, Rosen
asserts that complex organization is a general feature not just of
the biosphere on Earth-but of the universe itself.
General
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