Cryogenics, a term commonly used to refer to very low temperatures,
had its beginning in the latter half of the 19th century.
Traditionally, this field is separated from Cryogenic Engineering
and Low Temperature Physics (LTP). Cryogenic engineering is
concerned with the design and development of low-temperature
systems and components, while low temperature physics is more
related to the fundamental research of material or fluid
properties. This book discusses some recent findings and
developments as well as gives an outlook on the fields of helium
cryogenics and LTP. The main focus will be given to the helium
cryogenics, though a smaller review is also presented for the
fields of cryogenic energy storage facilities. Some future trends
and R&D activities are also discussed. To orient the reader,
the first four chapters are related to LTP, while the major part of
the book is then devoted to helium cryogenics, for example,
refrigeration techniques, cryostats, low temperature electronics,
safety, etc.It should be particularly suited for advanced students,
young researchers or engineers, who are intending to proceed with
careers in helium cryogenics or LTP. However, the authors believe
that the book will also be of value to experienced scientists,
since it describes several very recent advances in experimental low
temperature physics and technology, for example, ultra-low
temperature technique and thermometry, as well as progress in
helium cryogenics, such as heat transfer, cryostat designs for
large facilities, and refrigerator developments. Extensive
references are provided for the readers interested in the details
of the cryogenic engineering advances. And last but not least, the
authors hope that this book will widen the horizons of many without
a solid state background, but with a general interest in low
temperature physics and helium cryogenics.In attempting to cover
such a wide field, a large degree of selection has been necessary,
as complete volumes have been written on many topics which here
have had to be covered in very few pages or less. It is inevitable
that not everyone will agree with the present choice, especially if
it is their own subject which has been discussed very briefly or
not mentioned at all, and the editor accepts full responsibility
for the selections made. The book is written at a level which
should be followed by a university graduate in science or
engineering, although, if their background has not included a
course in cryogenic engineering, general or solid-state physics,
some groundwork may be lacking.
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