Tammy L. Brown uses the life stories of West Indian intellectuals
to investigate the dynamic history of immigration to New York and
the long battle for racial equality in modern America. The majority
of the 40,000 black immigrants who arrived at Ellis Island during
the first wave of Caribbean immigration to New York hailed from the
English-speaking Caribbean--mainly Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad.
Arriving at the height of the Industrial Revolution and a new era
in black culture and progress, these black immigrants dreamed of a
more prosperous future. However, northern-style Jim Crow hindered
their upward social mobility. In response, Caribbean intellectuals
delivered speeches and sermons, wrote poetry and novels, and
created performance art pieces challenging the racism that impeded
their success. Brown traces the influences of religion as revealed
at Unitarian minister Ethelred Brown's Harlem Community Church and
in Richard B. Moore's fiery speeches on Harlem street corners
during the age of the ""New Negro."" She investigates the role of
performance art and Pearl Primus's declaration that ""dance is a
weapon for social change"" during the long civil rights movement.
Shirley Chisholm's advocacy for women and all working-class
Americans in the House of Representatives and as a presidential
candidate during the peak of the Feminist Movement moves the book
into more overt politics. Novelist Paule Marshall's insistence that
black immigrant women be seen and heard in the realm of American
Arts and Letters at the advent of ""multiculturalism"" reveals the
power of literature. The wide-ranging styles of West Indian
campaigns for social justice reflect the expansive imaginations and
individual life stories of each intellectual Brown studies. In
addition to deepening our understanding of the long battle for
racial equality in America, these life stories reveal the powerful
interplay between personal and public politics.
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