Recent analyses of drug attrition rates reveal that a significant
number of drug candidates fail in the later stage of clinical
development owing to absorption, distribution, metabolism,
elimination (ADME), and toxicity issues. Lead optimization in drug
discovery, a process attempting to uncover and correct these
defects of drug candidates, is highly beneficial in lowering the
cost and time to develop therapeutic drugs by reducing drug
candidate failures in development. At present, parallel synthesis
combining with high-throughput screening has made it easier to
generate highly potent compounds (i. e. , hits). However, to be a
potential drug, a hit must have drug-like characteristics in
addition to potency, which include optimal physicochemical
properties, reasonable ph- macokinetic parameters, and good safety
profiles. Therefore, research tools must be available in drug
discovery to rapidly screen for compounds with favorable drug-like
properties, and thus adequate resources can be directed to projects
with high potential. Optimization in Drug Discovery: In Vitro
Methods is a compilation of detailed experimental protocols
necessary for setting up a variety of assays important in compound
evaluation. A total of 25 chapters, contributed by many experts in
their research areas, cover a wide spectrum of subjects including
physicochemical properties, abso- tion, plasma binding, metabolism,
drug interactions, and toxicity. A good pharmacokinetic profile has
long been recognized as an imp- tant drug-like characteristic.
Pharmacokinetic parameters are affected by many properties of drug
molecules such as physicochemical nature, abso- tion, metabolic
stability, and so on.
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