Vaccination, chiefly responsible for the eradication of smallpox and the control of poliomyelitis and German measles in man and of foot-and mouth, Marek's and Newcastle disease in domestic animals, remains the best answer to infectious diseases. Early vaccines were live wild type organ isms but these have been largely replaced by attenuated or killed organisms or by purified components (subunits) thereof. More recently, developments in recombinant DNA techniques, the advent of monoclonal antibodies and progress in our understanding of the immunological structure of proteins, have laid the foundations for a new generation of vaccines. For instance, subuni t vaccines have been produced through gene cloning and a number of peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the outer coat of viruses and capable of eliciting virus neutralizing antibodies, have been synthes ized. Such vaccines are defined at the molecular level, can elicit immune responses controlling specific infectious organisms and are, thus, potent ially free of the problems inherent in conventional ones. However, because subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic, they re quire the presence of immunological adjuvants. These are a diverse array of agents that promote specific humoural and/or cell-mediated immunity responses to antigens. This book contains the proceedings of the 1st NATO Advanced Studies Institute "Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines" held in Cape Sounion Beach, Greece during 24 June-5 July, 1988.

It is widely accepted that vaccination still renains the best answer to ITDst infectious diseases. Recently, vaccine developnent has been greatly facilitated by advances in ITDlecular and cell biology which have laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines. '!hese are exemplified by submit vaccines produced through gene cloning and synthetic peptides mimicking snall regions of proteins on the outer coat of viruses and capable of eliciting virus neutralizing antibodies. However, submit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-inmmogenic in the absence of immunological adjuvants. The latter are a diverse array of agents that augment specific cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens and the formation of protective antibodies. '!his book contains the proceedings of the 3rd NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI) "New-Generation vaccines: '!he Role of Basic Irrmmology" held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June-5 July, 1992. It deals with recent developnents in the understanding of inmmity at the ITDlecular and cellular levels and the application of such knowledge in the search for novel inmmological adjuvants and the fonnulation of new-generation vaccines for experimental and clinical use. We express our appreciation to Professor K. Dalsgaard and H. Snippe for their cooperation in planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Perring for her excellent production of the manu- scripts. '!he ASI was held tmder the sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously co-sponsored by SrnithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Fhiladelp,. ia). Financial assistance was also provided by Pasteur Merieux (Marcy L'Etoile), British Biotechnology Ltd.

The success of vaccination in controlling infectious diseases is well documented. However, low profitability, expense and liability have hindered research and development of vaccines. Recently, increasing realization (enhanced by the AIDS pandemic) of the need to overcome such difficulties has led to steps being taken by national authorities, non-profit and commercial organizations to resolve them. This has been facilitated by developments in recombinant DNA techniques, the advent of monoclonal anti bodies and progress in the understanding of the immunological structure of proteins which have laid the foundation of a new generation of vaccines. Such vaccines are defined at the molecular level, can elicit immune responses controlling infectious organisms and are therefore potentially free of the problems encountered in conventional ones. Unfortunately, subunit and synthetic peptide vaccines are often only weakly or non inmunogenic. However, developments in both antigen production and immuno potentiation of weak antigens have opened new avenues with exciting prospects for vaccine design.

The NATO Advanced Studies Institute series "Targeting of Drugs" was originated in 1981. It is now a major international forum, held every two years in Cape Sounion, Greece, in which the present and the future of this important area of research in drug carriers is discussed in great depth. Four previous ASls of the series dealt with drug carriers of natural and synthetic origin, their interaction with the biological milieu and with ways by which the latter influences such interaction. The present book contains the proceedings of the 5th NATO ASI "Targeting of Drugs: Optimization Strategies" held in Cape Sounion during 24 June-5 July, 1989. A logical sequel to the last one, the ASI deals with strategies by which milieu inter- ference curtailing the function of drug carriers is circumvented or removed. We express our appreciation to Drs. R. Langer and E. Tomlinson for their valuable advice throughout the planning of the ASI and to Dr. G. Deliconstantinos who, as Chairman of the Local Committee contributed so effectively to its success. The ASI was held under the sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and co-sponsored and generously financed by Smith Kline French Laboratories (now SmithKline Beecham), Philadelphia, USA. Financial assistance was also provided by CIBA Geigy (Horsham), Schering (West Berlin), Farmitalia Carlo Erba (Milan), Liposome Technology Inc. (Menlo Park), Pfizer (Sandwich), Dior (Paris), Syntex Research (Palo Alto), ICI Pharmaceuticals (Mereside), Boehringer (Mannheim) , Wyeth (Taplow), Merck Sharp Dohme (Rahway), Sandoz A.G. (Basle) and Lilly Research Centre Ltd.

During the last decade or so vaccine development has been facilitated by rapid advances in molecular and cell biology. These have laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines exemplified by subunit vaccines produced through gene cloning and by synthetic peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the outer coat of viruses. Such peptide~ are capable of eliciting virus-neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non immunogenic in the absence of immunological adjuvants that are known to augment specific cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens and to promote the formation of protective antibodies. This book contains the proceedings of the 4th NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI) "Vaccines: New Generation Immunological Adjuvants" held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June -5 . July 1994 and deals in depth with both theoretical and practical aspects of vaccinology. These include the role of antigen presenting cells in the induction of immune responses. immunopotentiation by a variety of new generation immunological adjuvants and vaccine carriers. and recent advances and perspectives in experimental vaccines as well as vaccinatioll with nucleic acids. We express our appreciation to Dr. K. Dalsgaard and Dr. J. L. Virelizier for their cooperatioll in planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Pening for her excellent production of the manuscripts. The ASI was held under the sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia).

During the last decade or so vaccine development has been facilitated by rapid ad- vances in the molecular and cell biology ofthe immune system. This has laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines exemplified by subunit vaccines produced through gene cloning and by synthetic peptides mimicking small regions ofproteins on the outer coat ofvi- ruses. However, as subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic, there is areal need for strategies to improve their potency. This book contains the proceedings of the 5th NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI), "Vaccine Design: The Role of Cytokine Networks," held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June-5 July 1996 and deals in depth with the role ofbasic immunology in the regulation of immunity and vaccine design. Special emphasis is given to the use of cyto- kines in conjuction with vaccines with the aim ofimproving their potency or the use ofvac- cines designed to improve cytokine production. We express our appreciation to Dr. J.-L. Virelizier and Dr. G. Kollias for their cooperation in planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Perring for her excellent production ofthe manuscripts. The ASI was held under the sponsor- ship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia). Financial assistance was also provided by Connaught Laboratories Ltd. (Ontario), Pasteur Merieux (Marcy I 'Etoile), Biochine (Siena), Help SA (Athens), and Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Birmingham, USA).

During the last decade or so vaccine development has been facilitated by rapid advances in molecular and cell biology. These have laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines exemplified by subunit vaccines produced through gene cloning and by synthetic peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the outer coat of viruses. Such peptide~ are capable of eliciting virus-neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non immunogenic in the absence of immunological adjuvants that are known to augment specific cell-mediated immune responses to the antigens and to promote the formation of protective antibodies. This book contains the proceedings of the 4th NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI) "Vaccines: New Generation Immunological Adjuvants" held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June -5 . July 1994 and deals in depth with both theoretical and practical aspects of vaccinology. These include the role of antigen presenting cells in the induction of immune responses. immunopotentiation by a variety of new generation immunological adjuvants and vaccine carriers. and recent advances and perspectives in experimental vaccines as well as vaccinatioll with nucleic acids. We express our appreciation to Dr. K. Dalsgaard and Dr. J. L. Virelizier for their cooperatioll in planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Pening for her excellent production of the manuscripts. The ASI was held under the sponsorship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia).

During the last decade or so vaccine development has been facilitated by rapid ad- vances in the molecular and cell biology ofthe immune system. This has laid the foundations of a new generation of vaccines exemplified by subunit vaccines produced through gene cloning and by synthetic peptides mimicking small regions ofproteins on the outer coat ofvi- ruses. However, as subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic, there is areal need for strategies to improve their potency. This book contains the proceedings of the 5th NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI), "Vaccine Design: The Role of Cytokine Networks," held at Cape Sounion Beach, Greece, during 24 June-5 July 1996 and deals in depth with the role ofbasic immunology in the regulation of immunity and vaccine design. Special emphasis is given to the use of cyto- kines in conjuction with vaccines with the aim ofimproving their potency or the use ofvac- cines designed to improve cytokine production. We express our appreciation to Dr. J.-L. Virelizier and Dr. G. Kollias for their cooperation in planning the ASI and to Mrs. Concha Perring for her excellent production ofthe manuscripts. The ASI was held under the sponsor- ship of NATO Scientific Affairs Division and generously co-sponsored by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Philadelphia). Financial assistance was also provided by Connaught Laboratories Ltd. (Ontario), Pasteur Merieux (Marcy I 'Etoile), Biochine (Siena), Help SA (Athens), and Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Birmingham, USA).

Dendritic Cells in the Induction of Immunity.- Escape Mechanisms of Viruses from Immune Responses and Their Relevance to Vaccine Design.- Enhanced Immunogenicity of Recombinant and Synthetic Peptide Vaccines.- Immunomodulation by Adjuvants.- Use of Syntex Adjuvant Formulation to Enhance Immune Responses to Viral Antigens.- Influenza Vaccines and the Wyeth-Ayerst Experience with Syntex Adjuvant.- Nonionic Block Polymer Surfactants as Adjuvants in Vaccines.- Effects of Added Cytokines on Immune Responses and Memory.- The Assessment and Use of Adjuvants.- Efficient Anti-Idiotypic Immunization with Homologous, Virus Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Conjugated with KLH and Combined with Quil A.- Protein Conformation Affects the Efficacy of Pertussis Vaccines.- Vaccination Against Epstein-Barr Virus.- Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines.- Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections of Children.- Current Progress and Future Trends in Birth Control Vaccines.- Contributors.