Over the last thirty years or so the developments in the area of monetary and macroeconomic policies have been quite substantial. Within the new consensus macroeconomics (NCM), monetary policy is upgraded while fiscal policy is downgraded. This new monetary policy has been the main instrument of policy under the guise of inflation targeting, an approach pursued by a number of central banks worldwide. There are a number of problems relating to this new monetary and macroeconomic policy approach which are raised in this book.

This book examines real and monetary analysis in economic paradigms and looks at real analysis in a range of economic theories. The book also examines interest rate, distribution and capital accumulation through post-Keynesian models, including the Kaldor-Robinson and Kaleckian models, and distribution conflict, inflation and monetary policy in a credit economy.

This volume challenges the view that unemployment is exclusively determined by structural characteristics of the labour market and the social benefit system. Macroeconomic policies and investment in capital stock are included in the analysis and are shown to have a major role to play. Wage setting in the labour market has no direct impact on employment but nominal wages set in this market affect the price level. Following mainstream recommendations with respect to labour market reforms in an environment of low growth and serious effective demand problems, may contribute to deflationary risks. Unemployment and 'structural reforms' also cause falling labour income shares and more unequal personal income distribution. These developments contribute to slow growth and rising unemployment. This is shown in applying growth models, which rely on the principle of effective demand and which also incorporate the effects of distribution struggle.

The stock market--the virtual "place" where corporations raise capital--has come to symbolize business more profoundly than any other entity or institution. This book provides a glimpse into the history, development, regulation, and increasing importance that the stock market plays in business and economic growth, as well as the investment strategies of individuals--in the U.S. and around the world, including Europe, Japan, Hong Kong, and "emerging markets" in the developing world that are rapidly integrating into the global economy. To explore the roles and workings of the stock market, the authors trace its evolution from its origins on Wall Street in the 1700s to the present, and examine the varied ways in which it is used to generate economic value. From initial public offerings (IPOs) to hedge funds to American Depository Receipts (ADRs) to options and more, the authors go beyond basic stocks and bonds to highlight the development and current applications of a wide variety of financial instruments that are used to raise capital. Featuring examples, graphics, illustrations, glossary, index, and references and on-line resources, this volume offers an accessible and engaging introduction to the world of investment and corporate finance, while illuminating one of the icons of capitalism.

Considering the great influence textbooks have as interpreters of history, politics and culture to future generations of citizens, it is no surprise that they generate considerable controversy. Focusing largely on textbook treatment of lingering - and sometimes explosive - tensions originating in World War II, "Censoring History" addresses issues of textbook nationalism in historical and comparative perspective. Discussions include Japan's Comfort Women and the Nanjing Massacre; Nazi genocide against the Jews, Gypsies, Catholics and others; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Indochina wars. The essays address controversies over textbook content around the globe: How and why do specific representations of war evolve? What are the international and national forces affecting how textbook writers, publishers and state censors depict the past? How do these forces differ from country to country? Other comparative essays analyze nationalist and war controversies in German, US and Chinese textbook debates.

Considering the great influence textbooks have as interpreters of history, politics and culture to future generations of citizens, it is no surprise that they generate considerable controversy. Focusing largely on textbook treatment of lingering - and sometimes explosive - tensions originating in World War II, "Censoring History" addresses issues of textbook nationalism in historical and comparative perspective. Discussions include Japan's Comfort Women and the Nanjing Massacre; Nazi genocide against the Jews, Gypsies, Catholics and others; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Indochina wars. The essays address controversies over textbook content around the globe: How and why do specific representations of war evolve? What are the international and national forces affecting how textbook writers, publishers and state censors depict the past? How do these forces differ from country to country? Other comparative essays analyze nationalist and war controversies in German, US and Chinese textbook debates.

Series Information:
Museum Meanings

The development and use of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki number among the formative national experiences for both Japanese and Americans, as well as for U.S.-Japan relations throughout the last half of the twentieth century. It is now clear, however, that memories and lessons learned from the bombings are still being reworked and contested, perhaps even more heatedly than they were in 1945. Tracking the development of that fifty-year trajectory, this volume explores the ways in which the bomb has shaped the self-image of both peoples: for Americans, the dominant story is that the bombs provided an appropriate and necessary conclusion to a just war; for Japanese, it is a symbol of their victimization. The distinguished contributors analyze the ways in which memories of the bombs, constantly reworked in the media, in the arts, and in the political arena, continue to define important, albeit often unacknowledged, undercurrents in the U.S.-Japan relationship.

Preeminent museum education theorist George E. Hein explores the work, philosophy, and impact of educational reformer John Dewey and his importance for museums. Hein traces current practice in museum education to Dewey's early 20th-century ideas about education, democracy, and progress toward improving society, and in so doing provides a rare history of museum education as a profession. Giving special attention to the progressive individuals and institutions who followed Dewey in developing the foundations for the experiential learning that is considered best practice today, Hein demonstrates a parallel between contemporary theories about education and socio-political progress and, specifically, the significance of museums for sustaining and advancing a democratic society.

Preeminent museum education theorist George E. Hein explores the work, philosophy, and impact of educational reformer John Dewey and his importance for museums. Hein traces current practice in museum education to Dewey's early 20th-century ideas about education, democracy, and progress toward improving society, and in so doing provides a rare history of museum education as a profession. Giving special attention to the progressive individuals and institutions who followed Dewey in developing the foundations for the experiential learning that is considered best practice today, Hein demonstrates a parallel between contemporary theories about education and socio-political progress and, specifically, the significance of museums for sustaining and advancing a democratic society.

Over the last twenty years, museum professionals have become increasingly aware of the educational role of museums and have begun to re-evaluate the relationship between museums and their visitors. Museum visits tend to be brief, infrequent events requiring less time and effort than most educational activities. Can adults and children alike learn anything from such fleeting exposure, let alone find the experience profound and meaningful? Learning in the Museum confronts these issues and shows how research in visitor studies and the philosophy of education can be applied to facilitate a meaningful educational experience in museums.
Learning in the Museum begins with a brief history of education in public museums, and a rigorous examination of how the educational theories of Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky and subsequent theorists relate to learning in the museum. A survey of the wide range of research methods employed in visitor studies is illustrated with examples taken from museums around the world. George E. Hein concludes that visitors can best learn when knowledge is actively constructed in their own minds, in exhibitions which are physically, socially, and intellectually accessible to every single visitor. He shows how museums can adapt to create this kind of environment, to provide what he calls the 'Constructivist Museum'.
As well as providing a meaningful theoretical basis to museum education, this volume serves as a practical guide for all museum professionals on how to adapt their museums to maximise the educational experience of every visitor.

The material of this volume was originally planned to be incorporated in the preceding monograph Mechanics and Energetics of Biological Transport. A separate and coherent treatment ofthe variety of bioelectrical phenomena was considered preferable, mainly for didactic reasons. Usually, the biologist has to gather the principles of bioelectricity he needs from different sources and on different levels. The present book intends to provide these principles in a more uniform context and in a form adjusted to the problems of a biol ogist, rather than of a physicist or electrical engineer. The main emphasis is put on the molecular aspect by relating the bioelectrical phenomena, such as the membrane diffusion potentials, pump potentials, or redox potentials, to the properties of the membrane concerned, and, as far as pOSSible, to specific steps of transport and metabolism of ions and nonelectrolytes. Little space is devoted to the familiar and widely used representation of bioelectrical phe nomena in terms of electrical networks, of equivalent circuits with batteries, resistances, capacities etc. In order to elucidate the basic principles, the formal treatment is kept as simple as pOSSible, using highly Simplified models, based on biological systems. The corresponding equations are derived in two ways: kinetically, i. e. in terms of the Law of Mass Action, as well as energetically, i. e., in terms of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics."

Within the New Consensus Macroeconomics, monetary policy is upgraded while fiscal policy is downgraded. This new monetary policy has been the main instrument of policy under the guise of inflation targeting, an approach pursued by a number of central banks worldwide. This book raises problems relating to this new monetary and macroeconomic policy.

The development and use of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki number among the formative national experiences for both Japanese and Americans, as well as for U.S.-Japan relations throughout the last half of the twentieth century. It is now clear, however, that memories and lessons learned from the bombings are still being reworked and contested, perhaps even more heatedly than they were in 1945. Tracking the development of that fifty-year trajectory, this volume explores the ways in which the bomb has shaped the self-image of both peoples: for Americans, the dominant story is that the bombs provided an appropriate and necessary conclusion to a just war; for Japanese, it is a symbol of their victimization. The distinguished contributors analyze the ways in which memories of the bombs, constantly reworked in the media, in the arts, and in the political arena, continue to define important, albeit often unacknowledged, undercurrents in the U.S.-Japan relationship.

This book deals with energetics of transport processes, largely expressed in terms of the thermodynamics of irreversible pro cesses. Since at the present time too little is known about the molecular mechanism of transport, the present treatment is based largely on hypothetical models. Care has been taken, however, to define the crucial features of these models as generally as pos sible, so that the equations do not depend too much on hypotheti cal details. Accordingly, most equations, though developed on the basis of a mobile carrier (ferryboat) model, should apply equally to a conformational model, with an appropriate reinterpretation of the symbols. To better elucidate the essentials, the models are greatly simplified by special assumptions. Maximally, only two flows are assumed to be present in each model at one time: e. g., two solute flows, the flow of solvent and of one solute, the flow of solvent and of heat. The simplifying assumptions may often be unreal. Hence the equations should not be applied un critically to actual mechanisms. They may at best serve as a ba sis on which the more appropriate equations may be developed. The book is not designed to give a complete kinetic analysis of the transport processes described. The kinetic equations are kept to the minimum required to describe the model concerned and to relate it to the corresponding thermodynamic equations. The in tention is to stress the close relationship between bioosmotic (transport) and biochemical processes in metabolism."

Veroffentlichung aus der Geomedizinischen Forschungsstelle der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften"

Das Fundament, auf dem das Gebaude der hoheren Analysis ruht, ist die Lehre von den reellen Zahlen. Unausweichlich hat jede strenge Behandlung der Grundlagen der Differential- und Integralrechnung und der anschlieBenden Gebiete, ja selbst schon die strenge Behand- lung etwa der Wurzel-oder Logarithmenrechnung hier ihren Ausgangs- punkt zu nehmen. Sie erst schafft das Material. in dem dann Arithmetik und Analysis fast ausschlieBlich arbeiten, mit dem sie bauen konnen. Nicht von jeher war das Geftihl flir diese Notwendigkeit vorhanden. Die groBen Schopfer der Infinitesimalrechnung - LEIBNIZ und NEWfONl - und die nicht weniger groBen Ausgestalter derselben, 2 unter denen vor aHem EULER zu nennen ist, waren zu berauscht von dem gewaltigen Erkenntnisstrom, der aus den neu erschlossenen Quellen floB, als daB sie sich zu einer Kritik der Grundlagen veranlaBt fiihlten. Der Erfolg der neuen Methode war ihnen eine hinreichende Gewlihr fUr die Tragfestigkeit ihres Fundamentes. Erst als jener Strom abzuebben begann, wagte sich die kritische Analyse an die Grund- begriffe: etwa urn die Wende des 18. Jahrhunderts, vor aHem unter 3 dem machtigen EinfluB von GAUSS wurden solche Bestrebungen starker und sHirker. Aber es wahrte noch fast ein Jahrhundert, ehe hier die wesentlichsten Dinge als vollig geklart angesehen werden durften.

Vorwort zur dritten Auflage Auch in der dritten Auflage haben die von HURWITZ herriihrenden beiden erst en Abschnitte keine Anderungen erfahren, abgesehen von Verbesserungen und Erganzungen in Einzelheiten. Der dritte Abschnitt jedoch ist wiederum in vielen Punkten erweitert und umgestaltet worden. Es solI dadurch erreicht werden, daB er eine wirklich vollstandig un- abhangig von den vorangehenden Abschnitten lesbare Darstellung der Funktionentheorie vom geometrischen Standpunkt aus gibt und auch den Zugang zu den neueren Spezialforschungen offnet. Eine kleine Ver- mehrung des Umfanges war dabei nicht zu vermeiden. Gottingen, im Oktober 1929. R. COURANT. Vorwort zur vierten Auflage Seit dem Erscheinen der dritten Auflage ist die Theorie der Funk- tionen einer komplexen Veranderlichen in mancher Hinsicht weiter ent- wickelt worden, vielfach in der Richtung auf groBere Allgemeinheit und Abstraktion in der Form sowie in der Substanz. Als der Wunsch nach einer neuen Auflage von vielen Seiten ausgedriickt wurde, schien es un- tunlich, einen veranderten Neudruck vorzulegen; das Problem entstand, wie den neueren Entwicklungen Rechnung getragen werden konnte, ohne den spezifischen Charakter des Werkes zu beeeintrachtigen.

Additional Contributing Authors Include P. R. Garabedian, W. Bleakney, N. W. McLachlan And Others.