This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

STALIN Of the distinguished journalist and commentator on world affairs, the New York World-Telegram says Eugene Lyons knows his Russia. Editor of The American Mercury and author of the best-seller, Assignment in Utopia, Eugene Lyons holds a unique place among foreign correspondents. He was the first foreign correspondent to interview Stalin after the latters rise to power. He is the only one ever to be granted an interview by the Shah of Persia. In his six years in Moscow, he was able to observe as were few outsiders the confused, intricate and fateful workings of the Soviet experi ment. He was the first of a now rapidly-growing band to realize the inconsistencies of Stalinism and to reveal how the Revolution had been betrayed by its purported leader. The scope of his knowledge of foreign affairs is broad after con siderable newspaper experience in this country, he went to Italy to watch the growth of Fascism in 1920-21 spent the years 1928 to 1934 in Russia and in addition reported im portant events in Germany and the Near East. Now in this country, Eugene Lyons is recognized as one of our most acute interpreters of foreign affairs on the lecture platform, on the radio, and in the magazines. STALIN Czar of all the Russias by EUGENE LYONS J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHIIADELPH A LONDON TORONTO NEW YORK AUTHORS NOTE In this brief biography of Joseph Stalin I have sought to present one of the most significant and influential figures of our time in a simple unacademic treatment. I am aware of the risks of over-simplification involved in such a pro cedure after all, Stalins career is integrated with the larger story of the Russian Revolution and the history of the Communist Party. I havedrawn upon my personal studies and impressions during the years I lived and worked in the shadow of Stalins might. But beyond that I have necessarily relied on the pioneer labors of others in this field. I want to express my indebtedness especially to Stalin A Critical Survey of Bolshevism by Boris Souvarine, and Stalin by Isaac Don Levine. I also wish to acknowledge gratefully the helpfulness of Charles Malamuth. E. L. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I ASIATIC DESPOT 13 II THE BOY Soso 24 III THE CAUCASIAN HERITAGE 32 IV EDUCATION FOR PRIESTHOOD 40 V THE YOUNG REVOLUTIONIST 49 VI BACKGROUND OF BOLSHEVISM 59 VII CRIME FOR THE CAUSE 67 VIII BAKU AND PRISONS 75 IX THE WONDERFUL GEORGIAN 84 X IN ARCTIC EXILE 92 XI 1917, THE REVOLUTIONARY YEAR 100 XII VICTORY WITHOUT GLORY in XIII STALINS CIVIL WAR 121 XIV THE FIRST BUREAUCRAT 133 XV DISOWNED BY LENIN 140 XVI STALIN INVENTS A GOD 149 XVII TROTSKY Is DEFEATED 159 XVIII STALIN BECOMES THE PARTY 159 XIX THE GREAT WRETCHEDNESS 183 XX STALIN IN CLOSE-UP 195 XXI BUILDING SOCIALISM 204 XXII COUNTER-REVOLUTION 220 XXIII THE GREAT CARNAGE 233 XXIV THE TREASON TRIALS 244 XXV FOREIGN POLICIES 254 XXVI THE GREAT STALINIST HOAX 267 XXVII TRIUMPH OF MEDIOCRITY 283 ILLUSTRATIONS JOSEPH STALIN Frontispiece FACING PAGE SOSO DjUGASHVILLI 24 Stalin as a boy in the Caucasian town of Gori PROFESSIONAL REVOLUTIONIST 50 Rogues Gallery pictures of Stalin, taken by the Czars police in 1910 IN ARCTIC EXILE 92 Stalin with Jacob Sverdlov, later the first President of Soviet Russia, and a group of political exiles beyond the Arctic Circle, in 1915 DICTATOR AND STAFF 212 Stalin among his associates of 1934 Ordzhonikidze, Molotov, Kirov, Yenukidze, Voroshilov, Kaganovich andKuibishev STALIN AND KIROV Hitherto unpublished photograph taken in Tiflis in summer of 1934 showing Kirov a few months before his assassination THEIR LAST PARADE 250 Soviet leaders reviewing a May Day parade on Red Square, from the Lenin Mausoleum Stalin, Tukha chevsky, Byelov, Voroshilov, Yegorov and Budenny STUDY IN RED AND BROWN 274 Stalin, Molotov and Nazi Foreign Minister von Rib bentrop immediately after the signing of the Russo-German Pact on August 23, 1939 STALIN

The classic work on Communism in America duting the thirties.

Adelantado: A Spanish or Spanish colonial official, appointed to represent the King's interest in frontier areas in return for grants of authority and certain revenues and exemptions. --from the glossary of The Enterprise of Florida This biography of Pedro Menendez de Aviles, described as magisterial by Florida Historical Quarterly, explicates the role of private conquerors in Spanish expansion. Using primary materials in Spanish and Florida archives, many studied for the first time, Eugene Lyon refutes the claim that the Spanish contract to settle Florida was signed with Menendez in response to news of the French foothold at Fort Caroline. Not merely an expedition of military dominance or even of religious zeal, the Florida enterprise was primarily a joint commercial venture between Menendez and the Crown, with the adelantado assuming most of the risks. Menendez negotiated contracts for opening trade and agricultural centers, and he exploited family ties, particularly with his Asturian kinship group, who supported the adventure with men, ships, and money.