This book is a comprehensive guide to the compositions, properties, processing, performance and applications of nickel, cobalt, and their alloys. It includes all of the essential information contained in the 20-volume ASM Handbook series. Includes new or updated coverage in the following areas: Expanded corrosion coverage including guidelines for selecting the best alloy for specific environments or applications Data sheets covering the compositions, specifications, applications and properties for dozens of the most commercially important heat, corrosion and wear-resistant nickel and cobalt alloys Recent advances in superalloy development, including coatings to extend high-temperature service life Unique characteristics of nickel and cobalt which allow them to be used in special-purpose applications, e.g., magnets, controlled-expansion devices, electronics, and implants for the human body Engineering applications for nickel and cobalt coatings produced by electroplating, electroforming, electroless coating, thermal spraying, and weld surfacing. Contents include: Nickel and Its Alloys: The Nickel Industry, occurrence, recovery and consumption Uses of nickel Wrought and Cast Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Cast Heat-Resistant Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys Superalloys Special-Purpose Alloys Nickel Coatings Corrosion Behavior, including performance in specific environments, Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement, and High-Temperature Corrosion Fabrication and Finishing, including forming, forging, powder metallurgy, heat treating, machining, welding and brazing, cleaning and finishing, and high-temperature coatings for superalloys Metallography, Microstructures, and Phase Diagrams Cobalt and Its Alloys: The Cobalt Industry, occurrence, recovery and consumption Uses of cobalt Cobalt-base alloys Wear behavior Corrosion Behavior Fabrication Characteristics Metallography, Microstructures and Phase Diagrams.

This handbook covers the complete spectrum of technology dealing with heat-resistant materials, including high-temperature characteristics, effects of processing and microstructure on high-temperature properties, materials selection guidelines for industrial applications, and life-assessment methods. Also included is information on comparative properties that allows the ranking of alloy performance, effects of processing and microstructure on high-temperature properties, high-temperature oxidation and corrosion-resistant coatings for superalloys, and design guidelines for applications involving creep and/or oxidation. Contents: General introduction (high-temperature materials characteristics, and mechanical and corrosion properties, and industrial applications); Properties of Ferrous Heat-Resistant Alloys (carbon, alloy, and stainless steels; alloy cast irons; and high alloy cast steels); Properties of superalloys (metallurgy and processing, mechanical and corrosion properties, degradation, and protective coatings); Properties of Nonferrous Heat-Resistant Materials (Ti and Ti alloys, refractory metals and alloys, Ni-Cr and Ni-ThO2 alloys, Intermetallics, ceramics, cermets, cemented carbides, and C-C composites); Special Topics (including creep-rupture sata assessment and use, thermal and thermomechanical fatigue, elevated-temperature crack growth, creep fatigue interaction and design for high-temperature applications and oxidation).

Includes application on thousands of steels and metals! If you are involved with machining or metalworking or you specify materials for industrial components, this book is an absolute must. It gives you detailed and comprehensive information about the selection, processing, and properties of materials for machining and metalworking applications. They include wrought and powder metallurgy tool steels, cobalt base alloys, cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics and ultra-hard materials. You'll find specific guide-lines for optimizing machining productivity through the proper selection of cutting tool materials plus expanded coverage on the use of coatings extended cutting tool and die life. There is also valuable information on alternative heat treatments for improving the toughness of tool and die steels. All new material on the correlation of heat treatment microstructures and properties of tool steels is supplement with dozens of photomicrographs. Information on special tooling considerations for demanding applications such as isothermal forging, die casting of metal matrix composites, and molding of corrosive plastics is also included. And you'll learn about alternative to ferrous materials for metalworking applications such as carbides, cermets, ceramics and nonferrous metals like aluminum, nickel and copper base alloys. Contents include: Materials for Machining and Grinding Applications, Materials for Metalworking Applications, Heat Treatment and Secondary Processing of Tool Materials, Microstructural Analysis and Failure Analysis of Tool Materials.

Carbon and alloy steels are the workhorse of structural materials in modern engineering because of their very reasonable costs coupled with their many and varied properties that allow their use in such large array of applications. It's very easy to take steel for granted and forget how much it's relied upon in critical uses such as cars, bridges, buildings, landing gear assemblies, and more. It's what makes Carbon and Alloy Steels such an important Specialty Handbook series, it places special emphasis on the processing and service characteristics of steel. You'll find detailed, yet practical information that will help you select the best grade for a particular environment or application. There are in-depth reviews of formability, weldability, machinability, and hardenability of the various steel grades. You'll also discover how adding certain alloys can significantly improve steel processing. The strength and toughness section has been greatly expanded with more coverage than ever before of corrosion fatigue. You'll have access to extensive reports detailing which steels are more susceptable to environmental damage such as stress-corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Temperature effects relating to mechanical properties and corrosion are also discussed. As a special feature, entirely new articles on steels for specific applications like bearings, gears, automotive, oil and gas pipelines, and more are also discussed. Not only are material requirements covered, but applicable codes, standards and specifications as well. You'll learn what problems and failures others have experienced and what you can do to avoid similar difficulties.

Cast iron offers the design engineer a low-cost, high-strength material that can be easily melted and poured into a wide variety of useful, and sometimes complex, shapes. This latest handbook from ASM covers the entire spectrum of one of the most widely used and versatile of all engineered materials. The reader will find the basic, but vital, information on metallurgy, solidification characteristics, and properties. Extensive reviews are presented on the low-alloy gray, ductile, compacted graphite, and malleable irons. New and expanded material has been added covering high-alloy white irons used for abrasion resistance and high-alloy graphitic irons for heat and corrosion resistance. Also discussed are melting furnaces and foundry practices such as melting, inoculation, alloying, pouring, gating and rising, and molding. Heat treating practices including stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering, autempering (of ductile irons), and surface-hardening treatments are covered, too. ASM Specialty Handbook: Cast Irons helps the reader learn about routine nondestructive testing to ensure the necessary casting quality, along with failure and metallograph analysis. Finally, property characteristics are thoroughly presented including physical, fatigue and fracture, and elevated-temperature. Contents include: Classification and Basic Metallurgy, Solidification Characteristics, Metallurgy and Properties, Melting Furnaces and Foundry Practices, Heat Treating, Welding and Brazing, Machining and Grinding, Surface Engineering, Inspection and Analysis, Fatigue and Fracture Properties, Elevated-Temperature Properties, Physical Properties, Corrosion Behavior, Index.

This one-stop reference is a tremendous value time saver for engineers, designers and researchers. Emerging technologies, including aluminium metal matrix composites, are combined with all the essential aluminum information from the multi-volume ASM Handbook series. Contents: General Introduction to Aluminum and Alloy Metallurgy and Designations; Selection and Application of Wrought, Cast, Powdered, composite, Coating Materials; Casting, Forming, Fabrication and Finishing; Metallography, Microstructures and Phase Diagrams; Properties of Aluminum and Alloys, including Corrosion Behavior and Tribology.

Contents include: Introduction to Stainless Steels - metallurgy and properties of wrought and cast stainless steels, powder metallurgy, melting, refining and recycling Corrosion Behaviour - atmospheric and aqueous corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement, high-temperature corrosion, corrosion of cast stainless, corrosion of weldments Fabrication and Finishing - Foundry practice, forming, forging and extrusion, PM processing, heat treating, machining, welding, brazing and soldering, adhesive bonding, surface engineering Metallography, Microstructures and Phase Diagrams - metallographic practices and microstructures of wrought stainless metallography and microstructures of cast stainless phase diagrams Properties of Stainless Steels - physical properties, low temperature properties, elevated-temperature properties, tribological properties. An index is also included.

First Published in 1994. This book focuses on the historical development of the library as an institution. Its contents assume no single theoretical foundation or philosophical perspective but instead reflect the richly diverse opinions of its many contributors. This text is intended to serve as a reference tool for undergraduate and graduate students interested in library history, for library school educators whose teaching requires knowledge of the historical development of library institutions, services, and user groups, and for practicing library professionals.

The zone where land and sea meet is composed of a variety of complex environments. The coastal areas of the world contain a large percentage of its population and are therefore of extreme economic importance. Industrial, residential, and recreational developments, as well as large urban complexes, occupy much of the coastal margin of most highly developed countries. Undoubtedly future expansion in many undeveloped maritime countries will also be concentrated on coastal areas. Accompanying our occupation of coasts in this age of technology is a dependence on coastal environments for transportation, food, water, defense, and recreation. In order to utilize the coastal zone to its capacity, and yet not plunder its resources, we must have extensive knowledge of the complex environments contained along the coasts. The many environments within the coastal zone include bays, estuaries, deltas, marshes, dunes, and beaches. A tremendously broad range of conditions is represented by these environments. Salinity may range from essentially fresh water in estuaries, such as along the east coast of the United States, to extreme hypersaline lagoons, such as Laguna Madre in Texas. Coastal environments may be in excess of a hundred meters deep (fjords) or may extend several meters above sea level in the form of dunes. Some coastal environments are well protected and are not subjected to high physical energy except for occasional storms, whereas beaches and tidal inlets are continuously modified by waves and currents.

The 1973 WHO classification of bladder tumours anticipated a probable need for eventual revision of the criteria for diagnosing papillary and flat bladder neoplasia. A workshop sponsored by the WHO consisting of pathologists, urologists, cytologists, oncologists and basic scientists interested in bladder tumours addressed this subject, and after a follow- -up meeting sponsored by the International Society of Urological Pathology, the classification and terminology used in this text were agreed upon. A major change is in the introduction of a new category: papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential. Many of the tumours previously designated as papillary transitional cell carcinoma, grade I now fall into that category. Another major change is in the designation of flat lesions, and this includes a definition of carcinoma in situ. Furthermore, a number of variant forms of urothelials carcinomas are included as well as new entities not recognized when the 1st edition was issued.

This classification is based primarily on the microscopic charac- teristics of tumours and, therefore, is concerned with morpho- logically identifiable cell types and histological patterns, as seen with conventional light microscopy. The term tumours is used synonymously with neoplasm. The phrase tumour-like is applied to lesions which resemble neo- plasms, clinically or morphologically, but do not behave biologi- cally in a neoplastic manner. They are included in this classifica- tion because they give rise to problems in differential diagnosis and because of the unclear borderline between neoplasms and certain non-neoplastic lesions. Synonyms are listed only if they have been used widely, or if they are considered to be helpful to the understanding of the lesion. In such cases, the preferred term is given first, followed by the synonym. Although the emphasis of this classification is on histological typing, in the examination of kidney tumours, consideration should be given to the degree of cellular anaplasia, the extent of local spread, vascular and lymphatic invasion, and the occur- rence of metastasis. The scheme of histological grading suggested here is as fol- lows: Grade I applies to the tumours that have the least degree of cellular anaplasia compatible with a diagnosis of malignancy; . grade II! applies to tumours with the most severe degrees of cel- lular anaplasia; and grade I! applies to those tumours in be- tween. This scheme is applicable to the carcinomas of the renal parenchyma and pelvis.

A brief explanation of the geology shown on the relevant 1: 50 000 scale geological map(s).

Barrier islands represent a complex coastal system that includes a number of different sedimentary depositional environments; nearshore zone, beach, dunes, washover fans, marshes, tidal flats, estuaries, lagoons, and tidal inlets. The morphodynamics of these fragile coastal systems provide a further complication to this coastal type. Although barrier islands comprise only 15% of the world's coastline, they have received a far greater proportion of attention from the scientific and engineering community, and more recently, from coastal managers and environmentalists. Modern barrier islands are arguably the most expensive and most vulnerable of all coastal environments. Pressure from developers for residential, industrial, and recreational development has caused most of our barriers to become significantly impacted by human activity, especially over the past few decades. These pres sures have led to extensive preservation of natural barriers through efforts from all levels of government and also by private organizations. Governments have also formed coastal management programs that help to control any future de velopment with the intent being to keep human activity compatible with barrier island morphodynamics. In order to devise appropriate coastal zone management programs, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the morpho dynamics of barrier island systems. This volume provides comprehensive details on barrier island morphology, sediment distribution, and the process-response mechanisms that cause changes to both. These are the important aspects of barrier systems that can provide important input into the development and implementation of coastal management programs."

This revision of the book originally published in 1980 is the result of a collaboration among scientists from 10 countries. The authors include not only pathologists but also a urologist and a basic scientist. The second edition - containing 146 colour photographs - is considerably more extensive than its predecessor. A number of new entities, unrecognized in 1980, are included: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, which is commonly associated with carcinoma and may also be seen in a biopsy for elevated PSA; basal cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; paracrine-endocrine elements; variants of carcinoma; and stromal sarcoma. The criteria for the diagnosis of carcinoma have been expanded, including the minimal criteria. The Gleason grading system, based on growth pattern, is presented in detail. The WHO grading system, based on nuclear anaplasia and glandular differentiation, is more clearly defined.

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Surface Hardening of Steels: Understanding the Basics is a practical selection guide to help engineers and technicians choose the most efficient surface hardening techniques that offer consistent and repeatable results. Emphasis is placed on characteristics such as processing temperature, case/coating thickness, bond strength, and hardness level obtained. The advantages and limitations of the various thermochemical, thermal, and coating/surface modification technologies are compared. Economic concerns and health and safety considerations are also addressed. Recent developments in the understanding of the relationships between microstructure and fatigue and wear performance are reviewed, as are more recently introduced surface hardening processes such as vacuum-related technologies, laser processing, CVD/PVD, and ion implantation. Methods for evaluating hardness patterns and depths of hardness for quality control and failure analysis are described. The book also reviews methods for measuring and controlling case depth, residual stresses, and distortion. Metallurgical comparisons are made between those processes that offer rapid heating and rapid cooling (self quenching) characteristics for example, induction hardening and conventional furnace hardening. While all of the surface engineering methods discussed enhance wear resistance, some such as electroless nickel plating, carbide salt-bath deposition, and chrome platingualso offer resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Wear and corrosion data are provided to demonstrate the benefits of each process. Contents: Process Selection Guide Gas Carburizing Vacuum and Plasma Carburizing Pack and Liquid Carburizing Carbonitriding Nitriding Nitrocarburizing Boriding (Boronizing) Thermal Diffusion (TD) Process Surface Hardening by Applied Energy Surface Hardening by Coating or Surface Modification Appendices: The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram, Hardness Conversion Tables, Austenitizing Temperatures for Steels Index.

This book is a comprehensive guide to the selection and applications of copper and copper alloys, which constitute one of the largest and most diverse families of engineering materials. The handbook includes all of the essential information contained in the 20-volume ASM Handbook series, as well as important reference information and data from a wide variety of ASM publications and industry sources. In addition to extensive property data for wrought, cast, and powder-metallurgy products, this book provides practical information on the casting, forming, joining, machining, and finishing of copper alloys. The principles of physical metallurgy, including the relationships among heat treatment, structure, and properties, are also examined. Specifications for copper and its alloys are cross referenced in useful tabular form. Recent alloy developments - such as low-lead free-machining alloys, high-strength alloys with resistance to corrosion in hot 'sour' environments, and thermally stable, high-conductivity electronic packaging materials-are also reviewed. Contents: Metallurgy, alloys, and applications Fabrication and finishing Metallurgy, microstructures, and phase diagrams: Metallography and microstructures of copper alloys and beryllium-copper alloys Solidification structures Phase diagrams. Engineering properties and service characteristics Appendices.