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Glenn Murcutt is an internationally acclaimed Australian architect
who for five years taught a series of master studios for graduate
architecture students at the University of Washington. This book
combines examples of the students' studio work with edited
transcripts of Murcutt's public lectures and sessions with
students, professionals, and Finnish architect Juhanni Pallasamaa.
Essays set the studios into the context of an inquiry about the
local practice of a global architecture. The studio work shows an
application, in the Northwest environment, of Murcutt's fundamental
principles. These projects often make evident architecture that has
a precise engagement with local conditions and the natural
environment. Structures and material details take their measure
from an industrial craft of making. The collected studio work shows
a full progression from site sketches through detail development,
in drawings and models. Jim Nicholls is a senior lecturer in the
Department of Architecture, College of Built Environments,
University of Washington.
U.S. policy toward the Central Asian states has aimed at
facilitating their cooperation with U.S. and NATO stabilization
efforts in Afghanistan and their efforts to combat terrorism;
proliferation; and trafficking in arms, drugs, and persons. Other
U.S. objectives have included promoting free markets,
democratization, human rights, energy development, and the forging
of East-West and Central Asia-South Asia trade links. Such policies
aim to help the states become what various U.S. administrations
have considered to be responsible members of the international
community rather than to degenerate into xenophobic, extremist, and
anti-Western regimes that contribute to wider regional conflict and
instability.
The Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) face common security challenges from
crime, corruption, terrorism, and faltering commitments to economic
and democratic reforms. However, cooperation among them remains
halting, so security in the region is likely in the near term to
vary by country. Kyrgyzstan's and Tajikistan's futures are most
clouded by ethnic and territorial tensions, and corruption in
Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan could spoil benefits from the
development of their ample energy resources. Authoritarianism and
poverty in Uzbekistan could contribute to a succession crisis. On
the other hand, Kyrgyzstan's beleaguered civil society might
eventually help the relatively small nation safeguard its
independence. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan might become regional
powers able to champion policy solutions to common Central Asian
problems and to resist undue influence from more powerful outside
powers, because of their large territories and populations and
energy and other resources.
Kazakhstan is an important power in Central Asia by virtue of its
geographic location, large territory, ample natural resources, and
economic growth, but it faces ethnic, political, and other
challenges to stability. Kazakhstan gained independence at the end
of 1991 after the break-up of the former Soviet Union. Kazakhstan's
president at the time, Nursultan Nazarbayev, was one of the top
leaders of the former Soviet Union and was instrumental in forming
the successor Commonwealth of Independent States. He has been
reelected President of Kazakhstan several times and in June 2010
was proclaimed the "Leader of the Nation" with lifetime ruling
responsibilities and privileges. Kazakhstan's economy is the
strongest in Central Asia, buoyed by oil exports. Its progress in
democratization and respect for human rights has been halting,
according to most observers. Nonetheless, Kazakhstan's pledges to
reform convinced the Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe to select the country's leadership for its 2010 presidency.
The small Black Sea-bordering country of Georgia gained its
independence at the end of 1991 with the dissolution of the former
Soviet Union. The United States had an early interest in its fate,
since the well-known former Soviet foreign minister, Eduard
Shevardnadze, soon became its leader. Democratic and economic
reforms faltered during his rule, however. New prospects for the
country emerged after Shevardnadze was ousted in 2003 and the
U.S.-educated Mikheil Saakashvili was elected president. Then-U.S.
President George W. Bush visited Georgia in 2005, and praised the
democratic and economic aims of the Saakashvili government while
calling on it to deepen reforms. The August 2008 Russia-Georgia
conflict caused much damage to Georgia's economy and military, as
well as contributing to hundreds of casualties and tens of
thousands of displaced persons in Georgia. The United States
quickly pledged $1 billion in humanitarian and recovery assistance
for Georgia. In early 2009, the United States and Georgia signed a
Strategic Partnership Charter, which pledged U.S. support for
democratization, economic development, and security reforms in
Georgia. The Obama Administration has provided ongoing support for
Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States
recognized the independence of all the former Central Asian
republics, supported their admission into Western organizations,
and elicited Turkish support to counter Iranian influence in the
region. Congress was at the forefront in urging the formation of
coherent U.S. policies for aiding these and other Eurasian states
of the former Soviet Union. Soon after the terrorist attacks on
America on September 11, 2001, all the Central Asian states offered
overflight and other support to coalition anti-terrorist efforts in
Afghanistan. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan hosted
coalition troops and provided access to airbases.
Everything starts on the first day of school at the Spaulding Young
Ladies School where senior girls from wealthy families are sent to
prepare them for either college or to at least be prepared to enter
the elite society they are destined for. Doug Holly is only male
teacher at the school who has a questionable past which seems to
raise its ugly head this year at Spaulding. Along with his past,
Doug is saddled with a wife who is less than supporting and has her
own agenda which does not coincide with Doug's. Entering into
Doug's life is Blair Randolph, a young student who becomes
infatuated with him; and Caitlin Huxley, an investigator who just
by coincidence and proximity becomes involved in his situation.
When Blair is murdered the fingers of evidence are pointed to Doug.
Caitlin has to dig into past as well as present events in order to
try to clear Doug's name. Doing so puts not only her life in danger
but that of another young girl as well. Twists and turns finally
reveal the real killer and this wasn't the first time this killer
has killed.
The Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) face common security challenges from
crime, corruption, terrorism, and faltering commitments to economic
and democratic reforms. However, co-operation among them remains
halting, so security in the region is likely in the near term to
vary by country. Kyrgyzstan's and Tajikistan's futures are most
clouded by ethnic and territorial tensions, and corruption in
Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan could spoil benefits from the
development of their ample energy resources. Authoritarianism and
poverty in Uzbekistan could contribute to a succession crisis. On
the other hand, Kyrgyzstan's growing but still fragile civil
society might help the relatively small nation safeguard its
independence. Uzbekistan might become a regional power able to take
the lead on policy issues common to Central Asia and to resist
undue influence from more powerful outside powers, because of its
large territory and population (55 million) and energy and other
resources. Internal political developments in several bordering or
close-by states may have a large impact on Central Asian security.
These developments include a more authoritarian and globalist
Russia, ethnic and political instability in China and Iran, and
re-surging drug production and Islamic extremism in Afghanistan.
Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United
States, the Administration has established bases and other military
access in the region for U.S.-led coalition actions in Afghanistan,
and it has stressed that the United States will remain interested
in the long-term security and stability of the region. U.S.
interests in Central Asia include fostering democratisation, human
rights, free markets, and trade; assisting the development of oil
and other resources; and combating terrorism, the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction, and drug production and trafficking.
The United States seeks to thwart dangers posed to its security by
the illicit transfer of strategic missile, nuclear, biological, and
chemical weapons technologies, materials, and expertise to
terrorist states or groups, and to address threats posed to
regional independence by Iran. Some critics counter that the United
States has historically had few interests in this region, and
advocate only limited U.S. contacts undertaken with Turkey and
other friends and allies to ensure U.S. goals. They also argue that
the region's energy resources may not measurably enhance U.S.
energy security. Most in Congress have supported U.S. assistance to
bolster independence and reforms in Central Asia. The 106th
Congress authorised a "Silk Road" initiative for greater policy
attention and aid for democratisation, market reforms, humanitarian
needs, conflict resolution, transport infrastructure (including
energy pipelines), and border controls.
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