This timely and incisive book combines an introduction to the core legal and policy issues presented by climate change with a deeper analysis of decisions that will define the path forward. Offering a guide to key terms, concepts, and legal principles in the field, this book will help readers develop a sophisticated perspective on issues central to climate change law and policy. Building a pathway to literacy in climate change policy, chapters provide an accessible overview of key energy regulations and laws governing energy projects, legal mechanisms to regulate GHG emissions, and the role of state and local governments in developing mitigation and adaptation policy, particularly in the building and transportation sectors. The authors highlight the relationship between human rights and climate change using the framework of human rights law, analyze the use of litigation to compel climate change mitigation and adaptation and suggest ways to achieve international cooperation. Providing a deep understanding of ongoing debates about the design and implementation of climate change law and policy, this book will be an essential resource for students and researchers of environmental and climate change law, governance, and regulation. It will also be useful for policymakers and practitioners in the field for its practical insights into future developments and solutions.

Social media has quickly become one of the most effective tools in reaching masses of people. As environmental issues are becoming more prevalent and frequently acknowledged, social media is playing an important role in sharing various environmental problems as well as suitable solutions. Environmental Awareness and the Role of Social Media is an essential reference source for individuals seeking to raise awareness of environmental issues through social media platforms. The book examines social media's use in disaster awareness, sustainability promotion, and marketing environmentally friendly products from an international perspective. This book is an excellent resource for environmentalists, environmental activists, scientists, public figures, policy makers, academicians, and individuals interested in research focused on the impact of social media on issues that affect the entire planet.

CVD, or cardiovascular disease, is a general term that describes a disease of the heart or blood vessels. It is one of the most common causes of death. Statins are a group of medicines that can help lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. LDL cholesterol of often referred to as 'bad cholesterol', and statins reduce its production in the liver. Having a high level of LDL is potentially dangerous as it can lead to hardening and narrowing of the arteries (NHS). Comprising nearly 1000 pages, this book is a comprehensive guide to the latest advances in statin therapy and its clinical application for cardiovascular disease. Divided into 29 sections, the text begins with clinical aspects of CVD, dyslipidemia (the imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol), and the use of statins for treatment. The next sections provide detailed discussion on the use of statins for different types of CVD, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia, stroke, and more. The following chapters cover statin use for other systemic diseases such as obesity, kidney disease, diabetes, ocular disorders, skin conditions and many more. The book concludes with an insight into future therapies, with emphasis on PCSK9 inhibitors, a new treatment for lowering cholesterol in the blood.

The book addresses the gap that exists in sustainable value chain development in the context of developing and emerging economies in meeting the sustainable development goals. The book adopts a holistic approach and discusses significant aspects of the topic such as challenges, opportunities, best practices, technology and innovation, business models, and policy formulation. The chapters focus on all the existing and potential actors in the value chain. Comprising invited chapters from leading researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and academicians working on this topic, this edited book is useful for scientists, researchers, students, research scholars, and practitioners as it builds the latest interdisciplinary knowledge in the area. An important aspect of the book is the case studies of already ongoing projects from various emerging economies around the world. Contributions are divided into four sections-sustainable food systems and circular economy: tackling resource use, efficiency, food loss, and waste problems; technology and innovation for food value chain development; toward responsible food consumption; linking small farmers to markets: markets, institutions, and trade. Significantly, the book is organized in the context of Sustainable Development Goals and has direct relevance and linkages with SDG 1 (poverty alleviation), SDG 2 (zero hunger), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 4 (quality education), SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG 13 (climate action), and SDG 17 (partnerships).

For undergraduate and postgraduate students taking modules in international business, international strategy and global business practice. Explore and understand international business through practical, theory and analytical frameworks International Business, 8th Edition, by Collinson, Narula and Rugman presents data and evidence to assist you to map trends, make predictions and take on the role of decision makers in business and governments, in order to enable you to lead organizations with real insight in a complex, global environment. This textbook connects tried-and-tested theory, analytical frameworks, data and case examples to deliver a comprehensive guide to the subject from authors who keep pace with the ongoing developments in both theory and practice, focusing on the impacts of decisions on both the performance of multinational firms and the societies and economies they work in. Pearson, the world's learning company.

The various theme discussed in the publication provide an insight into various topics, which form part of the syllabi of various professional courses in book publishing, printing, and mass communication, journalism, etc.

Cardiac CT obtains information about coronary arteries, great arteries and veins, and heart valves.? It shows the location and extent of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries and helps detect coronary artery disease at an early stage, which neither traditional imaging techniques nor cardiac testing? can do. Over the last decade technologic advances in CT angiography have been made at a rapid rate, and the new applications and refinements of existing technology continue to be made.? This issue will help practicing cardiologists to keep up with the latest technology in this important and swiftly moving field.

This issue of Medical Clinics of North America provides the latest essential updates on coronary risk factors. The following key questions are answered. Are new biomarkers informative? LDL: the lower the better? How important is HDL? How much credit does triglyceride deserve? How important is family history of coronary disease? How important is age in determining coronary risk factors? Endothelial progenitor cells, menopause, and coronary risk factors? What is the role of imaging in prevention of coronary artery disease? Is genomics ready for primetime? Pediatric statinization? Individualized statinization? Polypill for some, polypill for all?

This book presents narratives, perspectives and policies on the Arctic and brings to fore the strategies of five Asian countries - China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea and Singapore who were granted the status of Permanent Observers in the Arctic Council in 2013. The book also captures Arctic countries' reactions to Asian approaches, and their expectations from these countries. The melting of the polar sea-ice induced by climate change has placed the Arctic region in the forefront of global scientific, economic, strategic and academic interest. The discourse involves a number of issues such as claims of the littoral countries to the continental shelves of the region, the management and exploitation of its living and non-living resources, the rights and interests of indigenous communities, and the prospects of new ice-free shipping routes. The contemporary discourse also suggests that the Arctic region presents challenges and offers opportunities for the international community. These issues have given rise to new geopolitical, geoeconomic, and geostrategic dynamics amongst the Arctic littorals, and led to the growing interest of non-Arctic states in the affairs of the Arctic. It is evident that the Asian countries have a variety of interests in the Arctic, and the grant of Permanent Observer status to these countries is an acknowledgement of their capabilities. These countries are keen to explore opportunities in the Arctic, and have begun to formulate appropriate long-term national strategies. The preliminary approach of the Asian Observer countries has rightly been to graduate from 'involvement' to 'engagement' in the Arctic, which seems to have generated significant interest amongst analysts. This book helps to understand the approaches of various Arctic and non-Arctic stakeholders, in light of the evolving dynamics in the region.

This volume of collected essays by eminent scholars in the fields of International Trade and Investment have been written and edited in honour of H. Peter Gray. Over a career in economics spanning almost 40 years, Peter Gray has been a prolific writer. He has made significant contributions and syntheses in a variety of subfields in international economics; the interaction of national economics and the foreign sector, causes and results of international financial flows, the economics of foreign direct investment, the assignment of policy tools for domestic and international objectives, and the macroeconomic impact of trade policy, among others. He has directly influenced scores of graduate students who continue to carry his passion for inclusiveness of variables in the economic analysis of the causes, effects, and relative importance of shifts in domestic and international economic (and social) variables. Contributors to this volume include John Dunning, John Hagedoorn, Thomas Pugel, Ingo Walter and Gabriel Benito.

Multinational enterprises have increasingly sought to organise their activities internationally in order to achieve greater efficiency and better optimisation of their market share and rent generation. However, MNEs do not regard all locations as being equivalent. Smaller economies and less-developed countries are not as attractive because of their limited market size, under-developed location advantages or their lack of proximity to other locations. This book focuses on how MNE activity both to and from peripheral economies differs from MNEs associated with "core" economies.

Over the past ten years, a number of cytokines and growth factors have proven to be as effective therapeutics. While these products have certainly established recombinant biologics as a major pharmaceutical growth sector, the continued interest in this class of drugs arises from the fact that today we have a far better understanding of the human immune response, both at a cellular and molecular level. This has resulted in a more methodical characterisation of these factors which has given clinical researchers an opportunity to plan Phase 1 clinical trials that can provide substantial information on the activity of the cytokine in humans. Currently, a great deal of effort is also being channelled into identifying cytokines from the various DNA databases. Our major objective for this book is to profile cytokines that have been recently identified. The therapeutic potential of these cytokines based on their known properties will be discussed by the authors. The main aim of this book is to provide...

The growth of the multinational enterprise (MNE) has led to an increasing interest in international business strategy from scholars, professionals, and policy makers alike. MNEs must contend with challenges in both their home and host international markets, and increasingly uncertain conditions in the international business environment demand superior firm-level capabilities for multinational firms to achieve and maintain competitive advantages in the long-run. This Handbook explores the progress made in international business strategy theory and practice in the last few decades. Written by an international team of leading experts, it captures the differences in motivations and decision-making processes between smaller and larger firms, private, family, and state owned firms, and emerging or developed market multinationals. It elaborates on the links between international strategy and the social responsibilities of the firm in its various host market contexts, including the deployment of effective and ethical human resource practices in international markets. Most importantly, it lays out how the classic principles of international competitive strategy are transformed in today's markets, in great part due to digitalization, and provides suggestions on how MNEs can develop international business strategies to respond to these transformations. The implications of these discussions for strategy and practice are becoming ever more profound. This Handbook will prove a valuable resource for both international business scholars and practitioners.

Discusses the method to grow not only graphene over Cu but also allows the reader to know how to optimize graphene growth, using statistical design of experiments, on Cu interconnects in order to obtain good-quality and reliable interconnects Provides the basic understanding of graphene-Cu interaction mechanism Introduces a novel graphene growth process and graphene-assisted electroless copper plating

This book comprises some of the major facts and solutions on environmental studies and its importance on the ecosystem. Implementations of Biotechnology on wastewater treatment and removal of toxins from the wastewater have been thoroughly discussed in different chapters with its impacts on the ecosystem. State of art technologies related to the water treatment as well as balancing of various essential components of the ecosystem has also been demonstrated with various technical solutions. Impacts of various toxins, mainly chemical wastes produced by various industries have been precisely identified and there impacts with various solutions are also discussed. This book is also a collection of various ideas and thoughts coming from reputed scientists and researchers working in this field with modernized technological views. A special emphasis has been given to protect and balance our ecosystem to save the entire living beings. Authors have also tried to make a bridge between bioremediation and ecosystem to bring these in a common platform for better understanding and solution of various critical problems with the help of cutting edge technologies. In this particular aspect or research, the novelty of the book is unparallel to show various future opportunities for the researchers, academicians, industrial personnel working in this field.

This book offers an important contribution to the contemporary debate on the role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in economic development in an increasingly globalizing, knowledge-intensive and alliance-based world economy. Each of the chapters touches upon critical issues now facing the global economy. They also address the growing importance of innovative activities of firms in promoting economic development and industrial restructuring, as well as the role of FDI and cooperative agreements in furthering this goal. Emphasis is placed on the increasingly significant role of national governments in promoting the intellectual capital of their indigenous resources and capabilities, and of inter-firm collaborative alliances. Globalization and technological advances are reconfiguring the ingredients of the competitiveness of firms and nation states. They are emphasizing the increasingly important role of both private and social institutions as determinants of the success of corporations and of the economic development of societies. Covering a range of issues from economic development, alliance capitalism, government policies, regional integration and industrial development, this authoritative book will greatly appeal to academics and economists, especially those interested in international business and management.

The eclectic paradigm has arguably become the dominant theoretical basis in the study of FDI, multinational corporations and internationalisation over the last two decades. The contributions to this volume evaluate the eclectic paradigm in the global economy and its validity as a theoretical basis to understand developments such as economic globalization and the subsequent growth of global and alliance capitalism.

A compilation of authoritative reports from seasoned researchers working in eight different countries on five continents, this volume examines the concept that conditions of local feasibility are constitutive of research practices not simply obstructions to the realization of an ideal. The result documents the effects of political and cultural factors on research projects and offers culturally sensitive researchers a wealth of practical knowledge.

It is nowadays well accepted that both economic growth and development are highly dependent on improving not just the availability of capital, but also access to technological capabilities, infrastructure and resources. This has gone hand-in-hand with an increasing economic liberalization of most developing countries. The role of the MNE as a viable source of both capital and technology is one of the key features of this new openness. In the process of embracing FDI as a solution to the myriad of economic ills - something even the World Bank has begun to do - little attempt is made to understand the rationale and the costs associated with this policy stance. Simply put, FDI is not a condition sine qua non for development. Too much emphasis has been placed on attracting FDI, and not on understanding how to optimise the benefits for the host economy. This volume aims to encourage and promote research related to these issues.
This volume was previously published as a special issue of the European Journal of Development Research.

It is well accepted now that economic growth and development are highly dependent on improving not just the availability of capital, but also the technological capabilities, infrastructure and resources available to (and internalized by) firms, individuals and institutions in any country.
Over the last two decades or so, there has been a significant shift away from a inward-looking, import-substituting approach towards a more outward-looking, export-oriented policy orientation. The reasons for this shift are complex, but have to do with developments associated with globalization, trade and debt deficits faced by IS-driven economies, as well as the acknowledged success of the Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) in technological and economic 'leapfrogging' within an outward-oriented approach. One of the key features of policy liberalization is the need to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) as a means to acquire or improve technological capabilities through multinational enterprise (MNE) activity.
The role of the MNE as an additional source of capital and technology is one of the key features of this new openness, as alternative sources of capital have become scarcer, exacerbated by economic and financial crises. The failure of protected industries in LDCs to become competitive on global markets has highlighted the limitations of the arms-length technology transfer approach. At the same time, the need to build strong local capabilities has not diminished; on the contrary, it has risen as increasingly mobile factors seek strong complementary factors in sites where they will locate.
Hence, in recent years, both LDC governments and foreign donors have increasinglycome to focus on the role MNEs and FDI can play in development. This has been accompanied by a lifting of many types of regulations that previously limited the role of FDI and MNEs in many developing countries, and a reassessment among donors of the role of public versus private actors in development aid.
However, although liberalization has affected the demand for FDI, it has not necessarily always resulted in an increase of FDI inflows. On the other hand, MNEs have an increasingly wide selection of locations available to them, and relatively speaking, the supply of FDI has not increased proportionally with demand. Furthermore, declining trade barriers and restrictions on trade allow MNEs to supply markets without engaging in local production. A large share of FDI continues to be directed to a relatively small group of countries.
In the process of embracing FDI as a solution to the myriad of economic ills there is a lack of understanding of the need to develop the necessary domestic capacity to attract, and absorb the spillovers and externalities that derive from, FDI. The importance of foreign investment is now taken as given and little attempt is made to understand the rationale and the costs associated with this policy stance. Simply put, FDI is not a condition sine qua non for development. Too much emphasis has been placed on attracting FDI, and not on understanding how to optimize the benefits for the host economy. This volume aims to encourage and promote research related to these issues.
This volume was previously published as a special issue of the European Journal of Development Research.

Heart transplantation remains one of the major scientific achievements of twentieth century medicine. During the past four decades, it has evolved from an unproven experimental surgical technique to the most effective form of therapy for refractory end-stage heart disease. It has captured the public's imagination and expanded our understanding of fundamental immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for cellular and humorally-mediated immunity. Despite its successes, many clinical and scientific problems remain. One or more bouts of acute cellular or humoral (vascular) rejection will occur in over 75% of transplant recipients despite current immunosuppressive strategies. Further, rejection directly results in approximately 20% of post-transplant deaths and is believed to play a major role in the development of late allograft dysfunction and coronary vasculopathy. This book by international experts in the fields of transplantation medicine, immunobiology and cardiac imaging provides the reader with an up-to-date, consise summary of the latest developments in the diagnosis and treatment of acute cardiac rejection. It is axiomatic that a more complete understanding of the pathogenic processes involved in rejection will ultimately lead to its prevention. This volume will be useful to transplant cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, cardiac pathologists and transplant scientists who seek to prolong the lifespan and improve the quality of life of their transplant recipients.

The application of Biotechnology dates back to the early era of civilization, when people first started to cultivate food crops. While the early applications are certainly still relevant, modern biotechnology is primarily associated with molecular biology, cloning and genetic engineering not only to increase the yield and to improve the quality of the crop but also its potential impact has touched upon virtually all domains of human interactions. Within the last 50 years, several key scientific discoveries revolutionized the biological sciences that facilitated the rapid growth of the biotechnology industry. 'Biotechnology and Biological Sciences III' contains the contributions presented at the 3rd International Conference on Biotechnology and Biological Sciences (BIOSPECTRUM 2019, Kolkata, India, 8-10 August 2019). The papers discuss various aspects of Biotechnology such as: microbial biotechnology, bioinformatics and drug designing, innovations in pharmaceutical industries and food processing industries, bioremediation, nano-biotechnology, and molecular-genetics, and will be of interest to academics and professionals involved or interested in these subject areas.

Contents:
1. The eclectic paradigm in the global economy. John Cantwell and Rajneesh Narula
2. The eclectic (OLI) paradigm of international production: Past, present and future. John H. Dunning
3. New Instructional Economics: An organising framework for OLI. Elizabeth Maitland and Stephen Nicholas
4. FDI and endogenous growth: IB perspectives. Terutomo Ozama and Sergio Castello
5. The co-evolutional advantage: Strategic management theory and the eclectic paradigm. Anoop Madhok and Anupama Phene
6. From OLI to OLMA: Incorporating higher levels of environmental and structural complexity into the eclectic paradigm. Stephen Guisinger
7. From a theory to a paradigm: Examining the eclectic paradigm as a framework in international economics
8. Managerial beliefs, market contestability and dominant strategic orientation in the eclectic paradigm. Timothy M. Devinney, David F. Midgley and Sunil Venaik
9. The Micro-Mechanics of foreign operations' performance: an analysis based on the OLI-framework. Gabriel R.G. Benito and Sverre Tomassen
10. The eclectic paradigm and the recognition of finance-specific factors. Lars Oxelheim, Trond Randøy and Arthur Stonehill
11. The challenge of electronic markets for international business theory. John H. Dunning and Cliff Wymbs
12. The recent globalisation of the italian banking sector. An interpretation based on the ecelctic paradigm. Lucia Piscitello
13. OLI:a critical reflection and some conclusions. Lorraine Eden

Despite the long history of international economic activity and the dominant role of Dutch MNEs in the world economy there has been relatively little academic research in the area. This book explores issues such as:
* What historical precedents underlie the character of Dutch MNE activity
* How and why the technological specialisation of the Dutch economy and its firms has evolved to its current state
* The changing FDI activity of Dutch MNEs
* The strategic aspects of Dutch MNE activity in terms of location and R&D
* The implications for Dutch MNEs of globalisation and economic integration
Comprehensive in its coverage, this book will be of great interest to students and researchers in international business.

The world economy is undergoing significant changes as multinational enterprises play an increasingly important role in the generation of economic wealth. This book examines the dynamic relationship between foreign direct investment, governments and economic development. It seeks to demonstrate the nature of their interaction through a set of 11 studies at various stages of development and attempts to describe the catalytic role governments and multinationals play in determining the evolution, restructuring and upgrading of the competitive and comparative advantages of countries. Studies of countries such as the UK, USA, Sweden, Japan, New Zealand, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan, India, Indonesia and China attempt to illustrate the belief that multinationals' activities and government policy are interdependent. In addition, this work seeks to demonstrate the increasing globalization of production and the crucial role of technology in enhancing the competitive advantages of both firms and countries at all stages of economic development.