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The sudden increase of oil prices in 1973 meant that the foreign
revenues of Iran quadrupled in just over two months. As the first
OPEC member to begin disbursing this extra revenue on a significant
scale, Iran offers the first complete example of the social,
economic and political problems this caused. This book examines the
cycle of the boom and the years that led up to it ? from the rural
and essentially backward nature of the country to the euphoria of
1973 when the Shah seriously talked of Iran reaching the Great
Civilisation, where by the 1990s Iran would be the world's fifth
power. And then finally through to the loss of control over
expenditure, the cancellation of ambitious projects and eventual
disillusionment with all the attendant problems of expectations and
increased social and political tension. A comprehensive analysis of
the system of government in Iran is provided in Part Three of the
book, demonstrating that this has created a repressed stability,
incapable of promoting social and economic progress.
This book offers the first in-depth intellectual and cultural
history of British subversive propaganda during the Second World
War. Focussing on the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), it tells
the story of British efforts to undermine German morale and promote
resistance against Nazi hegemony. Staffed by civil servants,
journalists, academics and anti-fascist European exiles, PWE
oversaw the BBC European Service alongside more than forty unique
clandestine radio stations; they maintained a prolific outpouring
of subversive leaflets and other printed propaganda; and they
trained secret agents in psychological warfare. British policy
during the occupation of Germany stemmed in part from the wartime
insights and experiences of these propagandists. Rather than
analyse military strategy or tactics, British Subversive Propaganda
during the Second World War draws on a wealth of archival material
from collections in Germany and Britain to develop a critical
genealogy of British ideas about Germany and National Socialism.
British propagandists invoked discourses around history, morality,
psychology, sexuality and religion in order to conceive of an
audience susceptible to morale subversion. Revealing much about the
contours of mid-century European thought and the origins of our own
heavily propagandised world, this book provides unique insights for
anyone researching British history, the Second World War, or the
fight against fascism.
If you are a writer of fiction, this practical handbook will teach
you how to acquire your own writer's tool-box. Here you will learn
all about developing your craft. The wide-ranging exploration of
fiction-writing skills contains many unique features, such as the
focus on reflective learning and tuition on advanced skills
including foreshadowing, transitions and producing short story
cycles. Throughout, the approach is centred on three kinds of
activity: - examining the theory of particular fiction writing
skills - analysing the practice of these skills in examples of
published work - practising the use of skills in fiction-writing
exercises. What makes this guide so distinctive, though, is the way
it consistently asks you to reflect on your work, and stresses the
importance of being able to articulate the processes of writing.
Packed with wisdom about the art of fiction and filled with writing
exercises, How To Write Fiction (And Think About It) examines the
work of today's finest authors to teach you everything you need to
know about writing short stories or longer fiction. Whether you are
a student, a would-be professional author, or a general reader who
simply likes to write for pleasure, this guide will equip you with
a portfolio of key fiction-writing skills.
Short story publishing is flourishing in the 21st century and is no
longer seen as a poor relation of the novel. But what is a short
story? And how do you write one? Robert Graham takes you through
everything you need to know, from how a writer works to crafting
and editing your own fiction. This heavily revised edition features
new chapters by contemporary fiction writers. Stressing the
importance of reading broadly and deeply, the book includes a wide
range of prompts and writing exercises. It teaches you how to read
as a writer and write like somebody who has read. You will learn
the elements of craft you need to produce short stories, and one of
the key writer's disciplines: reflecting on your own work. Whether
you are a student or an experienced author, this book will teach
you how to write short stories - and reflect on the creative
processes involved. The book features chapters from writer-teachers
James Friel, Rodge Glass, Ursula Hurley, Heather Leach, Helen
Newall, Jenny Newman, James Rice and Tom Vowler.
Robert Roberts' The House Servant's Directory, first published in
1827 and the standard for household management for decades
afterward, is remarkable for several reasons: It is one of the
first books written by an African American and issued by a
commercial press, and it was written while Roberts (ca. 1780-1860)
was in the employ of Christopher Gore (1758-1827), a former senator
from and governor of Massachusetts (and ancestor of the novelist
Gore Vidal). Gore Place, where Roberts worked from 1825 to 1827, is
one of the grandest neoclassical mansions built in America. Not
only was the extraordinary set of recommendations that Roberts made
about relations between servants and their masters unique for its
time, but his many recipes for cleaning furniture and clothing and
for purchasing, preparing, and serving food and drink for small and
large dinners are also still useful today. As portrayed in Graham
Hodges' introduction, Roberts' own story is a unique window into
the work habits and thoughts of America's domestic workers and into
antebellum African American politics. Of particular note is
Roberts' contribution to the emergence of new self-perceptions of
black manliness. Written at a time when male Americans in general
were reconsidering the construction of masculinity, Roberts' advice
to his fellow servants fostered black dignity for work that few
felt merited respect, and his counsel to employers on proper
treatment of their servants insisted on their humanity and respect
for their skills.
Robert Roberts' The House Servant's Directory, first published in
1827 and the standard for household management for decades
afterward, is remarkable for several reasons: It is one of the
first books written by an African American and issued by a
commercial press, and it was written while Roberts (ca. 1780-1860)
was in the employ of Christopher Gore (1758-1827), a former senator
from and governor of Massachusetts (and ancestor of the novelist
Gore Vidal). Gore Place, where Roberts worked from 1825 to 1827, is
one of the grandest neoclassical mansions built in America. Not
only was the extraordinary set of recommendations that Roberts made
about relations between servants and their masters unique for its
time, but his many recipes for cleaning furniture and clothing and
for purchasing, preparing, and serving food and drink for small and
large dinners are also still useful today. As portrayed in Graham
Hodges' introduction, Roberts' own story is a unique window into
the work habits and thoughts of America's domestic workers and into
antebellum African American politics. Of particular note is
Roberts' contribution to the emergence of new self-perceptions of
black manliness. Written at a time when male Americans in general
were reconsidering the construction of masculinity, Roberts' advice
to his fellow servants fostered black dignity for work that few
felt merited respect, and his counsel to employers on proper
treatment of their servants insisted on their humanity and respect
for their skills.
This book offers the first in-depth intellectual and cultural
history of British subversive propaganda during the Second World
War. Focussing on the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), it tells
the story of British efforts to undermine German morale and promote
resistance against Nazi hegemony. Staffed by civil servants,
journalists, academics and anti-fascist European exiles, PWE
oversaw the BBC European Service alongside more than forty unique
clandestine radio stations; they maintained a prolific outpouring
of subversive leaflets and other printed propaganda; and they
trained secret agents in psychological warfare. British policy
during the occupation of Germany stemmed in part from the wartime
insights and experiences of these propagandists. Rather than
analyse military strategy or tactics, British Subversive Propaganda
during the Second World War draws on a wealth of archival material
from collections in Germany and Britain to develop a critical
genealogy of British ideas about Germany and National Socialism.
British propagandists invoked discourses around history, morality,
psychology, sexuality and religion in order to conceive of an
audience susceptible to morale subversion. Revealing much about the
contours of mid-century European thought and the origins of our own
heavily propagandised world, this book provides unique insights for
anyone researching British history, the Second World War, or the
fight against fascism.
"Lasers and Synergetics," written to honour Hermann Haken on his
60th birthday, is concerned with the two main areas of research to
which Prof. Haken has made fundamental contributions. In fact, the
two areas are interrelated since the development of the
interdisciplinary science synergetics has been closely connected
with the emergence of laser theory. Synergetics deals with complex
systems that possess the fundamental property of spontaneous
selforganization of their macroscopic behaviour. The book
summarizes basic ideas, important concepts and principles used to
describe selforganizing systems from a unified viewpoint. Special
attention is paid to lasers, nonlinear optics and to coherence
phenomena in other physical, biological and sociological systems.
Some surveys of historical developments are presented, but most
space is devoted to the publication of recent results and the
description of current research work.
Continuing where volume one left off, this anthology documents
anarchist writings from World War II up until the present day. Many
of the translations (from Africa, India, China, Latin America, and
Europe) have never before been published in English. Contributors
include Noam Chomsky, Murray Bookchin, Emma Goldman, George
Woodcock, Marie Louise Berneri, Herbert Read, Alex Comfort, Martin
Buber, Paul Goodman, Carole Pateman, Colin Ward, Paul Feyerabend,
Pierre Clastres, Chaia Heller, Ivan Illich, Daniel Guerin, Luce
Fabbri, and many more. Robert Graham is the editor of Anarchism: A
Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume One: From Anarchy
to Anarchism (300CE to 1939).
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