This textbook bridges the gap between basic literature on the physics of solar cells and highly specialized books about photovoltaic solar energy conversion. It is intended to give students with a background in engineering, materials science, chemistry or physics a comprehensive introduction to materials concepts for solar cells. To this end, general principles of solar cells and materials demands are explained in the first part of this book. The second part is devoted to the four classes of materials concepts for solar cells: solar cells based on crystals of silicon, epitaxial layer systems of III-V semiconductors, thin-film absorbers on foreign substrates, and nano-composite absorbers.

A modern challenge is for solar cell materials to enable the highest solar energy conversion efficiencies, at costs as low as possible, and at an energy balance as sustainable as necessary in the future. This textbook explains the principles, concepts and materials used in solar cells. It combines basic knowledge about solar cells and the demanded criteria for the materials with a comprehensive introduction into each of the four classes of materials for solar cells, i.e. solar cells based on crystalline silicon, epitaxial layer systems of III-V semiconductors, thin-film absorbers on foreign substrates, and nano-composite absorbers. In this sense, it bridges a gap between basic literature on the physics of solar cells and books specialized on certain types of solar cells.The last five years had several breakthroughs in photovoltaics and in the research on solar cells and solar cell materials. We consider them in this second edition. For example, the high potential of crystalline silicon with charge-selective hetero-junctions and alkaline treatments of thin-film absorbers, based on chalcopyrite, enabled new records. Research activities were boosted by the class of hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites, a promising newcomer in the field.This is essential reading for students interested in solar cells and materials for solar cells. It encourages students to solve tasks at the end of each chapter. It has been well applied for postgraduate students with background in materials science, engineering, chemistry or physics.

This textbook bridges the gap between basic literature on the physics of solar cells and highly specialized books about photovoltaic solar energy conversion. It is intended to give students with a background in engineering, materials science, chemistry or physics a comprehensive introduction to materials concepts for solar cells. To this end, general principles of solar cells and materials demands are explained in the first part of this book. The second part is devoted to the four classes of materials concepts for solar cells: solar cells based on crystals of silicon, epitaxial layer systems of III-V semiconductors, thin-film absorbers on foreign substrates, and nano-composite absorbers.

Surface photovoltage (SPV) techniques provide information about photoactive materials with respect to charge separation in space. This book aims to share experience in measuring and analyzing SPV signals and addresses researchers and developers interested in learning more about and in applying SPV methods. For this purpose, basics about processes in photoactive materials and principles of SPV measurements are combined with examples from research and development over the last two decades.SPV measurements with Kelvin probes, fixed capacitors, electron beams and photoelectrons are explained. Details are given for continuous, modulated and transient SPV spectroscopy. Simulation principles of SPV signals by random walks are introduced and applied for small systems. Application examples are selected for the characterization of silicon surfaces, gallium arsenide layers, electronic states in colloidal quantum dots, transport phenomena in metal oxides and local charge separation across photocatalytic active crystallites.

Lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites are important resources for rare metals. For Cs, only the LCT pegmatites with the zeolite group mineral pollucite at Bikita (Zimbabwe Craton) and Tanco (Superior Province Craton) are of commercial importance. Common characteristics of world-class LCT pegmatite deposits include their Meso- to Neoarchean age and geological setting within greenstone belt lithologies on Archean Cratons. This study presents the first coherent and comparative scientific investigation of five major LCT pegmatite systems from the Yilgarn, Pilbara and Zimbabwe Craton. For the evaluation of their Cs potential and of the genetic concepts of pollucite formation, the pegmatites from Wodgina, Londonderry, Mount Deans and Cattlin Creek were compared to the Bikita pollucite mineralization.  The integration of the new data (e.g., geochronological and radiogenic isotope data) into the complex geological framework: 1) enhances our knowledge of the formation of LCT pegmatite systems, and 2) will contribute to the further exploration of additional world-class LCT pegmatite deposits, which 3) may host massive pollucite mineralisations. 

This wide-ranging book introduces information as a key concept not only in physics, from quantum mechanics to thermodynamics, but also in the neighboring sciences and in the humanities. The central part analyzes dynamical processes as manifestations of information flows between microscopic and macroscopic scales and between systems and their environment. Quantum mechanics is interpreted as a reconstruction of mechanics based on fundamental limitations of information processing on the smallest scales. These become particularly manifest in quantum chaos and in quantum computing. Covering subjects such as causality, prediction, undecidability, chaos, and quantum randomness, the book also provides an information-theoretical view of predictability. More than 180 illustrations visualize the concepts and arguments. The book takes inspiration from the author's graduate-level topical lecture but is also well suited for undergraduate studies and is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals.

A modern challenge is for solar cell materials to enable the highest solar energy conversion efficiencies, at costs as low as possible, and at an energy balance as sustainable as necessary in the future. This textbook explains the principles, concepts and materials used in solar cells. It combines basic knowledge about solar cells and the demanded criteria for the materials with a comprehensive introduction into each of the four classes of materials for solar cells, i.e. solar cells based on crystalline silicon, epitaxial layer systems of III-V semiconductors, thin-film absorbers on foreign substrates, and nano-composite absorbers. In this sense, it bridges a gap between basic literature on the physics of solar cells and books specialized on certain types of solar cells.The last five years had several breakthroughs in photovoltaics and in the research on solar cells and solar cell materials. We consider them in this second edition. For example, the high potential of crystalline silicon with charge-selective hetero-junctions and alkaline treatments of thin-film absorbers, based on chalcopyrite, enabled new records. Research activities were boosted by the class of hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites, a promising newcomer in the field.This is essential reading for students interested in solar cells and materials for solar cells. It encourages students to solve tasks at the end of each chapter. It has been well applied for postgraduate students with background in materials science, engineering, chemistry or physics.

Die demografische Entwicklung in Deutschland hat einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Altersstruktur in Unternehmen. In vielen Regionen und Branchen sinkt das Angebot an jungen Arbeitskr ften. Gleichzeitig f hren die Abschaffung der staatlichen Unterst tzung der Fr hverrentung und die Anhebung der Regelaltersrente auf 67 Jahre dazu, dass immer mehr ltere Menschen arbeiten. Das Durchschnittsalter in den Unternehmen steigt; die Notwendigkeit der (Weiter-)Besch ftigung erfahrener Mitarbeiter ebenfalls. Schon seit mehreren Jahrzehnten besch ftigt sich die Forschung mit dem Erhalt der k rperlichen und geistigen Leistungsf higkeit lterer Besch ftigter. Seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre r ckte auch die Arbeitsmotivation als eine zu ber cksichtigende Komponente verst rkt ins Blickfeld. Mitarbeiter nur f r eine m glichste lange Besch ftigung zu bef higen, wurde nicht mehr als ausreichend betrachtet. Es galt gleichzeitig, ihren Leistungswillen zu erhalten. Diese Studie untersucht mehrere Komponenten der Arbeitsmotivation und deren Zusammenhang zum Alter. Neben der Frage, ob sich j ngere und ltere Mitarbeiter hinsichtlich ihrer intrinsischen Arbeitsmotivation grunds tzlich unterscheiden, stehen zwei Aspekte im Fokus. Zum einen wurde untersucht, ob ltere Mitarbeiter spezifische Arbeits- und Organisationsfaktoren f r ihre Motivation ben tigen. Daf r wurde berpr ft, ob sich j ngere und ltere Mitarbeiter in ihren arbeitsbezogenen Motiven unterscheiden. Zum anderen sollte herausgefunden werden, ob es altersabh ngige Unterschiede im Vorhandensein bzw. der Wahrnehmung bestimmter Arbeitsbedingungen gibt. Die untersuchten Motive werden gr tenteils auf die Selbstbestimmungstheorie von Deci und Ryan zur ckgef hrt. Die Arbeitsbedingungen auf das Modell der Jobcharakteristika von Hackman und Oldham. Daneben spielen einige neuere Forschungen zur Generativit t und der M glichkeit zur Weitergabe von Wissen eine Rolle. Die Untersuchung macht altersbedingte Unterschiede sowohl in der Wahrnehm

Masterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich BWL - Personal und Organisation, Note: 1,0, Leuphana Universitat Luneburg, Veranstaltung: Performane Management, Psychologie, BWL, Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Empirische Studie mit uber 200 Teilnehmern. Theorie u.a. beruhend auf Deci/Ryan sowie Hackman/Oldham. Rund 200 Seiten. Inkl. Fragebogen im Anhang., Abstract: Die vorliegende Arbeit nimmt die Forschung um die altersbedingte Veranderung von Motiven auf und untersucht vier Motive, die eng mit intrinsischer Motivation verbunden sind: Selbstentfaltung, Autonomie, Affiliation und Generativitat. Die ersten drei Motive hangen stark mit den von Deci und Ryan definierten Grundbedurfnissen ihrer Selbstbestimmungstheorie zusammen (Deci & Ryan, 1993 und 2000). Die Forschung und Theorien zum Generativitatsmotiv, insbesondere im Arbeitskontext, sind deutlich junger und seltener (u. a. Grube, 2009, Zacher et al., 2011, Kooij & van de Voorde, 2011). Die Studie bestatigt Unterschiede zwischen jungeren und alteren Mitarbeitern hinsichtlich des Autonomie- und des Generativitatsmotivs. Allerdings wird deutlich, dass neben dem Alter auch die Dauer der Betriebszugehorigkeit, die eng mit dem Alter zusammenhangt, und die Funktion des Beschaftigten fur die Auspragung der Motive eine Rolle spielen. Hinsichtlich der Motive nach Selbstentfaltung und Affiliation zeigt die Arbeit, dass jungere und altere Mitarbeiter ahnlich hohe Auspragungen haben. Alle bekannten empirischen Studien zu altersbedingten Veranderungen rund um das Thema Arbeitsmotivation beschaftigen sich bisher entweder mit den Motiven und der Motivation oder den Arbeitsbedingungen und der Motivation. Diese Arbeit fuhrt nun alle drei Elemente zusammen. Neben der intrinsischen Motivation und den Motiven als eine Ursache fur Motivation werden auch die zur Befriedigung der Motive notwendigen Arbeitsbedingungen untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Wahrnehmung von vier der funf von Hackman und Oldham als Kernfaktoren