The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development is striving to protect human health and the environment from adverse impacts resulting from acts of terror by investigating the effectiveness and applicability of technologies for homeland security (HS)-related applications. EPA has identified detection of pathogenic micro-organisms in environmental samples following a terrorist attack as a critical component of an effective response. Detection of such pathogens would require development and validation of sampling techniques that could be used by multiple laboratories following a homeland security event. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), has extensive knowledge of potential biological hazards. In this book, CDC, in collaboration with EPA, developed and improved methods for extraction of Bacillus anthracis (BA) spores from soil. This book also investigates the efficacy of four chemical decontaminants for inactivating Bacillus anthracis (causative agent for anthrax) spores in soil.