After neo-evolutionism, how does one talk about the pre-modern state? Over the past two decades archaeological research has shifted decisively from check-list identifications of the state as an evolutionary type to studies of how power and authority were constituted in specific polities. Developing Gramsci's concept of hegemony, this book provides an accessible discussion of general principles that serve to help us understand and organise these new directions in archaeological research. Throughout this book, conceptual issues are illustrated by means of case studies drawn from Madagascar, Mesopotamia, the Inca, the Maya and Greece.

The book derives from the experiences of the authors as lecturers and tutors at different international summer schools on reality-based surveying and 3D modelling in the field of archaeology and cultural heritage. The book is organized in three main sections. The first part aims to introduce and discuss the contribution of geomatic techniques in archaeology and more generally in cultural heritage with particular attentions to the 3D domain. The second part is focused on the main areas involved in the implementation of 3D surveys (aerial and terrestrial LiDAR, photogrammetry, remote sensing), 3D documentations, GIS and 3D interpretations (virtual and cyber archaeology). The last section collects some relevant case studies showing the extraordinary contribution that geomatic techniques can give to archaeological research and cultural heritage at different scales of detail: object, site, landscape.

This volume presents papers exploring the archaeological applications of remote sensing techniques, including the study of images made from the air and from space, but also the results of geophysical techniques like magnetometry, Ground Penetrating Radar and Electrical Resistivity Tomography.

"Nature and Antiquities" examines the relation between the natural sciences, anthropology, and archaeology in the Americas in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Taking the reader across the Americas from the Southern Cone to Canada, across the Andes, the Brazilian Amazon, Mesoamerica, and the United States, the book explores the early history of archaeology from a Pan-American perspective.
The volume breaks new ground by entreating archaeologists to acknowledge the importance of ways of knowing that resulted from the study of nature in the history of archaeology. Some of the contributions to this volume trace the part conventions, practices, and concepts from natural history and the natural sciences played in the history and in the making of the discipline. Others set out to uncover, reassemble, or adjust our vision of collections that research historians of archaeology have disregarded or misrepresented - because their nineteenth-century makers would refuse to comply with today's disciplinary borders and study natural specimens and antiquities in conjunction, under the rubric of the territorial, the curious or the universal. Other contributions trace the socio-political implications of studying nature in conjunction with "indigenous peoples" in the Americas - inquiring into what it meant and entailed to comprehend the inhabitants of the American continent in and through a state of nature.

Drawing on written records, coins, inscriptions and other archaeological evidence, the authors present a detailed picture of how the Roman cavalryman and his horse were equipped.

Human bone in archaeological context is the product of natural processes and cultural patterns; the deposits can seal several things: the vital aspects of one skeleton, the intentions that led to the burial, and natural and accidental processes. This in turn becomes part of the history of these remains and the way they are arranged, their environmental changes and rituals can all influence the recovery procedure. The synchronic and diachronic bio-cultural environments involve new requirements and present further limitations. Taking the geographical framework of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, the author addresses the methodological issues involved in the recovery of archaeological skeletal remains: cremation and inhumation, primary and secondary burials, individual and collective deposits.

This volume contains the proceedings of the 38th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) Conference, held April 6th-9th 2010, in Granada, Spain. The theme of the conference was 'Fusion of Cultures', aiming to reflect both the scope of the conference and the spirit of the host city - a celebrated venue for such disciplinary interplay between archaeologists, computer scientists, and mathematicians.

The excavation of shell middens and mounds is an important source of information regarding past human diet, settlement, technology, and paleoenvironments. The contributors to this book introduce new ways to study shell-matrix sites, ranging from the geochemical analysis of shellfish to the interpretation of human remains buried within. Drawing upon examples from around the world, this is one of the only books to offer a global perspective on the archaeology of shell-matrix sites.

"A substantial contribution to the literature on the subject and . . . essential reading for archaeologists and others who work on this type of site."--Barbara Voorhies, University of California, Santa Barbara, author of Coastal Collectors in the Holocene: The Chantuto People of Southwest Mexico

The Plague Cemetery of Alghero (Sardinia, Italy, 1582-1583) presents a bioarchaeological analysis of the individuals exhumed from the cemetery of Alghero, which is associated with the plague outbreak that ravaged the city in 1582-1583. This cemetery revealed a particular burial typology, consisting of long and narrow trenches, each containing multiple inhumations, which attests to a catastrophic event, such as an epidemic with high mortality in a short period of time. Given the rarity of human remains from epidemic contexts buried in trenches, the skeletal sample from Alghero represents valuable material. In fact, no other Italian plague cemeteries have been examined through a detailed bioarchaeological analysis, and the study thus serves as a model for future research. The author examines a series of parameters, starting from the demographic profile of the sample -181 individuals from 15 trenches - and taphonomic analysis, and then analysing stature, dental pathologies, stress indicators, degenerative joint disease, entheseal changes and other pathologies. The study is intended to illuminate a cross section of 16th century Sardinian society in a coastal city through a holistic view, which interweaves the documentary evidence for plague, funerary responses and the health status of the population. The main objective is therefore to shed light on a population which lived during a period of plague, revealing lifestyles, activity patterns and illnesses and providing a significant contribution to the bioarchaeology, palaeopathology, and archaeology of the Italian territory.

"A unique, significant contribution to our maturing studies of the Clovis era."--Gary Haynes, author of The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era

The Paleoindian Clovis culture is known for distinctive stone and bone tools often associated with mammoth and bison remains, dating back some 13,500 years. While the term Clovis is known to every archaeology student, few books have detailed the specifics of Clovis archaeology. This collection of essays investigates caches of Clovis tools, many of which have only recently come to light. These caches are time capsules that allow archaeologists to examine Clovis tools at earlier stages of manufacture than the broken and discarded artifacts typically recovered from other sites. The studies comprising this volume treat methodological and theoretical issues including the recognition of Clovis caches, Clovis lithic technology, mobility, and land use.

For more than a century, the study of hunting and gathering societies has been central to the development of both archaeology and anthropology as academic disciplines, and has also generated widespread public interest and debate. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers provides a comprehensive review of hunter-gatherer studies to date, including critical engagements with older debates, new theoretical perspectives, and renewed obligations for greater engagement between researchers and indigenous communities. Chapters provide in-depth archaeological, historical, and anthropological case-studies, and examine far-reaching questions about human social relations, attitudes to technology, ecology, and management of resources and the environment, as well as issues of diet, health, and gender relations - all central topics in hunter-gatherer research, but also themes that have great relevance for modern global society and its future challenges. The Handbook also provides a strategic vision for how the integration of new methods, approaches, and study regions can ensure that future research into the archaeology and anthropology of hunter-gatherers will continue to deliver penetrating insights into the factors that underlie all human diversity.

Multidisciplinary Old and New World research, using high quality paleoenvironmental and archaeological data, looks for correlations between climatic oscillations and socio-cultural adjustments in nomadic hunter-gatherer, horticultural, sedentary agricultural, and early urbanized societies. The outright collapse of cultural systems, sometimes associated with radical climate change, is not readily demonstrated and some contributions attribute culture change primarily to human agency. Others indicate that different cultures in diverse regions and times employ varying adjustment strategies, including economic and technological innovations (i.e., agriculture, wheels, monumental architecture, metallurgy etc.) and exhibit religious and social upheaval, warfare, genocide, or migration in coping with a changing world. Contents: 1) Dangerous Regions: A Source of Cascading Cultural Changes (Joel D. Gunn, William J. Folan, and Joseph M. Herbert); 2) Risky Business: Caddo Farmers Living at the Edge of the Eastern Woodlands (Timothy K. Perttula); 3) Environmental Change, Population Movements, and the Archaeological Record (Dean R. Snow); 4) Climate, Culture, and Change: From Hunters to Herders in Northeastern and Southwestern Africa (Ralf Vogelsang and Birgit Keding); 5) Fits and Starts: Why Did Domesticated Animals Trickle Before They Splashed Into Sub-Saharan Africa? (David K. Wright); 6) Socio-Cultural Responses to a Changing Environment: The Shashe-Limpopo Valley Since ca. AD 900 (Munyaradzi Manyanga); 7) Mesolithic Settlements of the Ukrainian Steppes: Migration as Sociocultural Response to a Changing World (Olena V. Smyntyna); 8) The Early Megaliths of SW Atlantic Europe and the Inference of the Socio-economic Organization of their Builders (8th to 6th millenniums BC) (David Calado et al.); 9) Pre-neolithization: Reconstructing the Environmental Background to Life Way Changes in the Late Mesolithic of the Carpathian Basin (Pal Sumegi); 10) The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in the Carpathian Basin: Was there an Ecological Trap During the Neolithic? (Pal Sumegi et al); 11) New Data Concerning the Detection and Nature of Human Impact on the Mohos Lakes, Northeast Hungary (Imola Juhasz); 12) Late Neolithic Man and Environment in the Carpathian Basin: A Preliminary Geoarcheological Report from Cs szhalom at Polgar (Pal Sumegi et al); 13) Freshwater Mussels and Life in the Late Neolithic Tell of Hodmez vasarhely-Gorzsa, southeastern Hungary (Sandor Gulyas and Pal Sumegi); 14) Imprints of the Anthropogenic Influences in a Peat Bog from Transdanubia, Hungary (Imola E. Juhasz); 15) Breaking Unnatural Barriers: Comparative Archaeology, Climate, and Culture Change in Central and Northern Europe (6100-2700 BC) (Maximilian O. Baldia); 16) Cultural Geography in the Context of Climatic and Environmental Change in the Late Neolithic and Eneolithic of the Morava Valley (Matthew T. Boulanger); 17) Taphonomic processes affecting monumental earthen architecture as a proxy for climatic change (Douglas S. Frink); 18) Neolithic Settlement in the Central-European Mountains (Pawel Valde-Nowak); 19) Separating Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on Past Ecosystems: The Testate Amoebae and Quantitative Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction (Edward A.D. Mitchell); 20) Environmental and Cultural Change in the Alps: Seeking Continuity in the Bronze Age Lake-Dwelling Tradition (Francesco Menotti); 21) Chapter 22: Society and Ecology During the Middle Bronze Age of Southern Scandinavia (Lars Larsson)."

The idea of putting together this book was inspired by the session Thinking beyond the Tool: Archaeological Computing and the Interpretive Process, which was held at the Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference in Bristol (17-19 December 2010). The session, as well as the regular format of paper presentations, included a round table discussion at the end of the session, to provide a debate forum for the participants, and encourage the development of the dialogue which emerged from the various presentations. This format not only facilitated the discussion on a better theorised approach to computer applications in archaeology, but also allowed delegates with diverse backgrounds to elaborate on common concerns from different perspectives. The overarching theme of the session, which revolved around how the various computational tools affect the ways we practice archaeology and interpret and disseminate aspects of the past, generated a series of stimulating debates. Contents: Introduction: Archaeological Computing: Towards Prosthesis or amputation? (Angeliki Chrysanthi, Patricia Murrieta Flores, Constantinos Papadopoulos); 1) The Value and Application of Creative Media to the Process of Reconstruction and Interpretation (Alice Watterson); 2) A CG Artists Impression: Depicting Virtual Reconstructions Using Non-photoreal-istic Rendering Techniques (Tom Frankland); 3) Little by Little, One Travels Far (Paul Cripps); 4) Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Use of GIS for Archaeological Excavations (Markos Katsianis); 5) Typeless Information Modelling to Avoid Category Bias in Archaeological Descriptions (Cesar Gonzalez-Perez); 6) The Spatial Construct of Social Relations: Human Interaction and Modelling Agency (Mu-Chun Wu and Gary Lock); 7) The Old and the New in Egyptian Archaeology: Towards a Methodology for Interpreting GIS Data Using Textual Evidence (Hannah Pethen); 8) A Roman Puzzle. Trying to Find the Via Belgica with GIS (Philip Verhagen and Karen Jeneson); 9) Deconstructing and Reconstructing The Landscape of Oxyrhynchus Using Textual Sources, Cartography, Remote Sensing and GIS (Jose Ignacio Fiz Fernandez, Eva Subias, Rosa Cuesta); 10) Beyond the Grave: Developing new tools for Medieval Cemetery Analysis at Villamagna, Italy (Andrew Dufton and Corisande Fenwick); 11) Visitor Reception to Location-based Interpretation at Archaeological and Heritage Sites (Elaine Massung); 12) Facebooking the Past: a Critical Social Network Analysis Approach for Archaeology (Tom Brughmans); Commentary: What Lies Beneath: Lifting the Lid on Archaeological Computing (Jeremy Huggett)

Twenty-five papers presented to the fourth International Meeting of Anthracology held in Brussels at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) between the 8 and 13 September 2008.

he GIS session entitled 'Go your own least cost path - Spatial technology and archaeological interpretation': as presented at the September 2009, European Association of Archaeologists 15th Annual Meeting in Riva del Garda, Italy. Contents: Preface (P. Verhagen, A. G. Posluschny, A. Danielisova); 1) Incorporating GIS Methodological Approaches in Heritage Management Projects (J. H. Altschul et al); 2) GIS and the Evaluation of Natural and Cultural Sites during the Planning Process. The Eskilstuna Project (W. Bondesson et al); 3) Reconstruction of the Early and Middle Neolithic Settlement Systems in the Upper Dvina Region (NW Russia) (A. Mazurkevich, E. Dolbunova); 4) Pollen and Archaeology in GIS. Theoretical Considerations and Modified Approach Testing (A. Danielisova, P. Pokorny); 5) Following Roman Waterways from a Computer Screen. GIS-based Approaches to the Analysis of Barcino's Aqueducts (H. A. Orengo, d C. Miro i Alaix; 6) Sherds on the Map."

Through her professional capacity as a Curatorial Archaeologist employed by three separate English local authorities over the last 17 years, the author has recognized the necessity for further analysis and improvement of current pre-determination Field Evaluation approaches. This book investigates the effectiveness of Field Evaluation through an assessment of its Decision-making processes.

Papers from a congress that took place at the University of Leuven from the 19th to 21st September, 2005. Contents: Preface (Marc Lodewijckx); 1) On the Precipice in Iceland (Oscar Aldred, Elin Osk Hreidarsdottir); 2) The 'ICCD-Aerofototeca Nazionale' Aerial Photo Collections (M. Filomena Boemi); 3) Heritage Stewardship: a New Tool for Old Heritage (Karl Cordemans); 4) Accessing Ireland's Growing and Diverse Aerial Archaeological Resources (Anthony Corns, Robert Shaw); 5) Methodologies for the Extraction of Archaeological Features from Very High-Resolution Ikonos-2 Remote Sensing Imagery, Hisar (Southwest Turkey) (Veronique De Laet, Etienne Paulissen, Marc Waelkens); 6) Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs an the Archaeology of Moscow's Cold War Anti-Ballistic Missile System (Martin J.F. Fowler);"

The aim of this volume is to present papers applying recent insights from the organization of technology to the interpretation of stone artefact assemblages from a range of archaeological contexts. Specific attention is paid to the techniques by which people acquired and maintained cutting edge technology, and the situational variables which encouraged them to employ those techniques. Contents: 1) Keeping your edge: recent approaches to the organisation of stone artefact technology (Ben Marwick and Alex Mackay); 2) Stone Artefact Technology in Willandra National Park: Reduction, Risk and Mobility (Patrick Faulkner); 3) Technology and technological change in eastern Australia, the example of Capertee 3 (Peter Hiscock and Val Attenbrow); 4) Standardisation and Design: The Tula Adze in Western New South Wales (Trudy Doelman and Simon Holdaway); 5) Scraper Reduction Continuums and Efficient Tool Use: Testing Hiscock and Attenbrow's Model (Kate Connell and Chris Clarkson); 6) The Role of Reworking in New Zealand Adze Technology (Marianne Turner);

title>Excavations at Tepe Yahya" describes the geographical and paleoenvironmental setting of Tepe Yahya and details the earliest architecture at the site, the production of ceramics and metallurgy, and the excavation's small finds. Interpretive essays examine settlement patterns, change and development over time, and the community's setting in the wider context of core-periphery interaction in the fifth and fourth millennia B.C.

This book collects articles from two different workshops organized in 2009 and 2010, one which aimed to analyse the epistemology of cyber-archaeology in relation to state of the art methods, theory, applications and overviews; the other focusing on collaborative environments, collaborative research, virtual models and simulation studies. The workshops drew together archaeologists, computer scientists, historians, cognitive scientists and art historians.

Papers from Session WS28 'Defining a Methodological Approach to Interpret Structural Evidence', AND papers from Sessions C69, C70 and C71 'Archaeometry', presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Contents: 1) Defining a methodological approach to interpret structural evidence: an introduction (Fabio Cavulli); 2) Scant Structural Evidences of Mesolithic Sites in High Alpine Regions (Walter Leitner); 3) U-Shaped Scatters: Struggling between Theoretical Models and Archaeological Facts (Matteo Pilati); 4) Unearthing the hearths. Preliminary results on the Takarkori rockshelter fireplaces (Acacus Mts, Libya) (S. Biagetti, G. Poggi, S. di Lernia); 5) Structures d'habitat nord-africaines: la fouille de la rammadiya cotiere holocene de SHM-1 (Hergla, Tunisie) (S. Mulazzani et al.); 6) Infilling processes of large pit features at Catignano - Neolithic (Italy) (Giovanni Boschian, Marta Colombo);"

Experimental archaeology is an approach to the study of life in the past which attempts to throw light on early man's activities by practical reconstruction. This book, first published in 1979, picks out the major trends in experimental archaeology but the choice of work described is selective and represents the author's interest in archaeological experiment as an important means of retrieving and explaining evidence about early societies. The first chapter is an historical treatment of experimental archaeology, questioning the evidence and devising new approaches. The following chapters look at ocean voyages, the production of food and the building of houses, the manufacture and use of tools and weapons, achievements in arts and music, the erection of monumental struc-tures for the dead and, finally, modern attempts to experience 'life in the past'. The conclusion sums up the achievements and the potential of experimental archaeology and stresses the great opportunities that exist for future work. Anyone, from the amateur to the professional archaeologist or ethno-grapher, will find this book stimulating and enlightening, and it will be invaluable to all students and teachers. It provides an approach which helps archaeologists tackle the perennial problem - how the surviving relics can throw light on the life of the past. Professor John Coles has been a Fellow of the British Academy since 1978, and until 1986 was Professor of European Archaeology in the University of Cambridge. Dr. Coles is best known in British archaeology for his work in three fields; first in the archaeology of the Bronze Age, both in this country and in Europe; second, for his remarkably percipient and pioneering work on experimental archaeology; third, for his work with his wife Bryony on the wetland sites of the British Isles, and particularly in the Somerset Levels. John Coles is the best type of humane archaeologist; a scholar who understands both the scientific and theoretical complexities of his discipline without having succumbed to the many pseudo-scientific interpretations of the subject which have so bedeviled it over the last thirty years.

Papers from Session C04, 'Technology and Methodology for Archaeological Practice: Practical applications for the past reconstruction', from the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Contents: 1) 3D Analysis of Quartzite Industries, case study (Telmo Pereira, Vera Moitinho); 2) 3D scanning and three-dimensional modelling: a new methodology applied to the study and conservation of paleolithic rock art. The examples of 'Las Caldas' cave (Priorio, Asturias) and 'Pena de Candamo' (San Roman de Candamo, Asturias, Spain) (M Soledad Corchon; E. Garcia; D. G. Aguilera; A. L. Munoz; J. G. Lahoz; J. S. Herrero); 3) Reconstructions of the past - How virtual can they be? (Antonio Jose Mendes, Alexandrino Goncalves, Fernando Silva); 4) Epistemic commitments, virtual reality, and archaeological representation (Matt Ratto); 5) Modelling early hominin behavioural ecology (Adam Newton); 6) Transforming archaeological data between different geographical scales - a GIS application for the estimation of population density (Karl Peter Wendt, Andreas Zimmermann); 7) Walkability analysis: A heuristic alternative method to pathway modelling (H.P. Blankholm); 8) Piecing together the fragmented potsherd information: Data-collecting methodology for reconstruction of a past action (Makoto Tomii); 9) GIS-based geomorphologycal models for prediction of the systems in prehistoric occupation (case-study of Obi-Rakhmat Rockshelter Vicinity, Western Tien-Shan) (I. S. Novikov); 10) The Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration (Keith W. Kintigh); 11) Historical and territorial analysis. A Contribution to the Study of the Defence of the City of Lisbon - The Peninsular Wars by (Helena Rua); 12) Environmental Suitability and land use - a diachronic comparison (Andreas Zimmermann, Karl Peter Wendt); 13) Advanced Methods for Dating (Leo Dubal); 14) Time Drilling Through the Past of the Island of Crete (A. Sarris et al); 15) ADABweb - Information System with Geo Web Services for the Cultural Heritage of Lower Saxony (Germany) (Otto Mathias Wilbertz); 16) Organic remains from the Copper Age settlement of Ecser (Katalin Herbich, Robert Patay).

Upper Paleolithic groups used the open-air site of Solutre (Saone-et-Loire, south-eastern France) as a location to intercept and hunt horse and reindeer herds. While it is clear that killing and butchering these animals were the principal site activities, differences in the compsition of the recovered lithic assemblages from the different cultural components suggest variability in secondary site activities and lithic tool use over time. In this report William Banks tests this interpretation using high-power use-wear methods to evaluate the relative extent of variability in tool use.

"Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas" represents an important shift in the interpretation of skeletal remains in the Americas. Until recently, bioarchaeology has focused on interpreting and analyzing populations. The contributors here look to examine how individuals fit into those larger populations. The overall aim is to demonstrate how bioarchaeologists can uniquely contribute to our understanding of the formation, representation, and repercussions of identity. The contributors combine historical and archaeological data with population genetic analyses, biogeochemical analyses of human tooth enamel and bones, mortuary patterns, and body modifications. With case studies drawn from North, Central, and South American mortuary remains from AD 500 to the Colonial period, they examine a wide range of factors that make up identity, including ethnicity, age, gender, and social, political, and religious constructions. By adding a valuable biological element to the study of culture--a topic traditionally associated with social theorists, ethnographers, and historical archaeologies--this volume highlights the importance of skeletal evidence in helping us better understand our past.