Where Stonehenge's giant bluestones come from? Was the fall of the Roman Empire hastened by lead poisoning? How did amber get from the Baltic to Belize? In exploring these and other historical enigmas, Joseph Lambert expertly details the rich insights into ancient life that chemistry alone can provide.Using cutting-edge scientific methods such as radiocarbon dating, DNA analysis, and elemental fingerprinting, acclaimed chemist Joseph Lambert expertly details the rich insights into ancient life that chemistry alone can provide. He shows, for example, how investigators today can determine the diet of prehistoric Europeans, the geographical origin of the marble in a Greek statue, or the reason why the Liberty Bell cracked. He uses nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to reconstruct ancient trade routes, and X-ray diffraction, among other methods, to compare the colour palettes of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians (the latter were apparently much more flamboyant). He explains how chemical analysis of DNA can be used to sort out human lineages and migratory patterns,demographic trends that affected, in turn, everything from language to the spread of disease.Chemistry takes centre stage in this fascinating book, proving that it is not just an analyst of culture, it stands as one of its primary creators. Lambert offers us a unique glimpse into a form of technical progress hitherto unappreciated: the ever-increasing ingenuity of the Human race, as seen through the prism of its evolving chemical sophistication. We discover how primitive chemistry was initially used by ancient people as a tool to improve their daily lives, a feat that was achieved by reworking molecules of clay into pottery and minerals into metal alloys, and by turning grains into beer and pitch into sealants.By documenting the way ancient people manipulated their environment chemically, Lambert further refines the distinguishing feature of our species. Early humans were more than tool-makers. They were molecular transformers.

The reaction against archaeological explanations relying on invasion and migration was part of the processualist critique in the 1960s. Only recently have archaeologists like Kristiansen argued that as migrations can be traced in the historical record, some archaeological method of identifying them must be found. This volume comes from a 1993 TAG session and pursues this issue. Contents: On the Move Again: Migrations and Invasions in Archaeological Explanation (John Chapman and Helena Hamerow); The Impact of Modern Invasions and Migrations on Archaeological Explanation (John Chapman); Prehistoric Migration as a Social Process (David Anthony); Migration Theory and the Anglo-Saxon 'Identity Crisis' (Helena Hamerow); Britons, Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic Burial Ritual (Sally Crawford); Social Network and Pattern of Language Change (James Milroy and Lesley Milroy).

A study of the traces of use and manufacture of bone by the Inuit from the Mackenzie Delta in the western Arctic. LeMoine describes the methodology very thoroughly, including experiments that were carried out to reproduce aspects of bone use, and then presents the results of analysis of the evidence from several sites and discusses manufacturing techniques. There is also a catalogue and plates showing markings on the bone.

The effect of ploughing on stratigraphy and on artefacts spread over the surface is explored in this much-needed book. Agricultural engineering literature and the analysis of three experimental datasets have been used to producer a computer simulation of the effect of ploughing on the distribution of portable objects (not on architectural remains). How much of the original patterning on archaeological sites has been destroyed, and how much survives? Can tillage-induced changes in surface patterns be 'cancelled out' by identifying their effects? This closely argued book suggests answers.

Based on experimentally-produced and used flakes as well as prehistoric material from Waikalua in Hawaii, this is a systematic study in what can be learnt from use wear analysis about the local subsistence activities. Includes illustrations of author defleshing various animals.

Subtitled The identification of secular elite settlements in western Britain AD 400-700', this book presents the theory of historical archaeology in practice, seeing how new perspectives may be able to solve the problem of archaeologists' inability to recognise secular settlement sites in Celtic Britain. In four parts, the first chapter presents an outline of recent theory and historical archaeology. Subsequent chapters define high status' sites and secularity in the archaeology of western Britain, AD 400-700, and present an application and test of the models outlined in the first chapter using excavated evidence from western Britain, and an evaluation of hill-fort and castle sites.

The Glasgow Conference is published with its 40 papers divided into seven sections; Innovation, Confrontation and Transformation ( an overview of the technological state of the discipline); IT in Education and Communication; Quantitative Applications and Methodologies; Survey and GIS Applications; Regional and National Database Applications; Excavation and Post-Excavation Applications and Textual Applications.

This volume contains forty papers from the CAA93 conference held at Staffordshire University in April 1993. As always the contributions reflect the most recent research in computer applications in archaeology, and fall under 8 broad headings: Image processing; Prospection and survey techniques; Strategic planningissues; Excavation recording and analysis; Spatial analysis and area studies; Statistics and trace element analysis; Computer aided learning in archaeology; Recording techniques for the conservation and preservation of standing buildings.

The nineteenth consecutive conference, CAA91, held at the University of Oxford, 25-27th March 1991. More than thirty papers are presented here, organised into four major groups: databases, GIS, statistics, images and graphics. Contributors include: Nick Ryan, Michael Heyworth, Neil Lang, Steve Stead, John Castleford, Clive Ruggles, Clive Orton, and many others.

This collection of papers from the annual Computer Applications Conference has five contributions on Communication and Teaching, four on Stratigraphic Matrix Processing, five on Heritage Management, six on Statistical Applications, eight on Visualisation of Archaeological Data, two on Expert Systems.

This text contains papers presented at a conference organized by the RCME and the Garden History Society. The book examines the vanished parks of various periods, and explores a broad range of themes. These include the merits of different fieldwork techniques, the preservation of pre-emparkment features, the use and re-use of garden and parkland landscapes, and the changes wrought in different chronological periods at both regional and national level.

The amount of 3D modelling applications in archaeology has increased enourmously over the last decade. 3D recording techniques allow researchers to quickly and accurately document archaeological evidence, and 3D reconstructions have created new possibilities to communicate the results to a larger public. In this latter case, however, numerous scholars have expressed their concern regarding the ethics of such digital representations, since they give prominence to a crystallized image of the past and do not account for the complexity of the archaeological record. The study presented here aims to make a practical contribution to a new understanding and use of 3D reconstructions, namely as 'laboratories' to test hypotheses and visualize, evaluate and discuss alternative interpretations. In order to do so, an analysis of visual reconstructions of the early and late modern period is presented first, followed by a discussion of current applications of 3D digital reconstructions, with a special focus on cityscapes. Lastly, a practical implementation of a research-driven, intellectually transparent and GIS-based 3D reconstruction is proposed for the urban site of Koroneia, in Boeotia, Central Greece. Specifically, the methodology developed in this work uses tools that are employed in geo-design and modern urban planning in an innovative way, integrating GIS with a rule-based modelling approach. With a strong focus on the automation and iteration of the reconstruction process, our 3D visualization provides an intuitive insight into hidden relationships and associations among data, and allows the creation and evaluation of alternative reconstruction hypotheses.

Features the archaeological and paleoenvironmental data from Franchthi Cave that provide a site-specific record of the cultural responses to great environmental changes.

"With the long-awaited publication of these three volumes we have the first thorough documentation of one of the most important prehistoric sites in the Mediterranean, that of Franchthi Cave in the Argolid Peninsula of Greece." American Anthropologist

..". an exceptional contribution to the hitherto very inadequate knowledge of this period in Greece." Antiquity

..". the archaeological and paleoenvironmental data from Franchthi Cave are unique in providing a site-specific record of the cultural responses to great environmental changes." Quarterly Research

"Perles's study is impressive in the systematic application of a well-thought-out methodology." American Antiquity

This study of chipped/flaked stone tools found in the excavations at Franchthi Cave is the first of its kind in Greek archaeology, if not in the whole of southeastern European prehistory."

"With the long-awaited publication of these three volumes we have the first thorough documentation of one of the most important prehistoric sites in the Mediterranean, that of Franchthi Cave in the Argolid Peninsula of Greece." American Anthropologist

..". the archaeological and paleoenvironmental data from Franchthi Cave are unique in providing a site-specific record of the cultural responses to great environmental changes." Quarterly Research

This volume describes the evolution of the landscape around Franchthi Cave over 25,000 years, its impact on prehistoric inhabitants, and theirs on it."

Every year hundreds of human skeletal remains are brought to the surface by engineering works, quarrying or planned archaeological exploration. These remains provide vital clues to unraveling man's antiquity their position and location, relation to other remains, state of preservation and "medical" condition all provide important information on ancient man and his living environment. Inferences regarding length of life, nutritional standards, diseases and origin of injuries can all be made in bones that are thousands of years old. However, many of these features are open to interpretation and the information gained is only as good as the records and analysis made at that time. The purpose of this book is to describe the many techniques now available for the proper excavation, preparation and analysis of human skeletal remains, so that the most effective use can be made of them. As such it will prove invaluable to both amateur and professional archaeologists, students of anthropology and anatomy, and the layman who has an interest in this ancestors' modus vivendi."

This volume contains the papers presented during the Meeting 'Off the Beaten Track - Epigraphy at the Borders', the sixth in a series of international events planned by the EAGLE, Europeana network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy international consortium.The Meeting was held on 24-25 September 2015, with the support of the Department of Classics and Late Antiquity Studies at the University of Bari Aldo Moro (Italy). During the event, the EAGLE Portal (http://www.eagle-network.eu) was officially launched and presented to the public for the first time. The event was intended to address the issues which arise in digitizing inscriptions characterised by 'unusual' features in comparison with the epigraphic norm. Here are collected contributions from several ongoing digital projects raising questions and proposing solutions regarding encoding inscriptions - from the Archaic period to the Middle Ages and beyond, even in languages other than Greek and Latin - which do not fall within those labelled as standard. The projects involved are the following: ILA - Iscrizioni Latine Arcaiche; The Ancient Graffiti Project; DASI - Digital Archive for the Study of pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions; EDB - Epigraphic Database Bari; EDV - Epigraphic Database Vernacular Inscriptions; AshLi - Ashmolean Latin Inscriptions Project.

Peter G. Gould seeks to identify the success factors associated with economic development projects within communities adjacent to archaeological or heritage sites, a growing interest among archaeologists and heritage managers. Typically, the success of site museums, tourism businesses, or crafts cooperatives is rarely reported on in scholarly literature or subjected to systematic study. This book addresses that gap. Gould argues that the success of community projects is inextricably linked to the mechanisms community members use to govern their project activities, and provides a much-needed assessment of the issues relating to community governance. Drawing together insights from economic analysis, political science, tourism scholarship, complexity scholarship, and the governance of non-profit enterprises, Gould suggests a model for community governance and illustrates the workings of that model through four case studies. Armed with this book's theoretical foundation, heritage professionals will have practical approaches to consider when designing community economic development projects.

This book centres on the anthropological study of two late 8th century BC monumental graves, designated as T144 and T105, at the ancient necropolis of Paroikia at Paros. The study investigates inter-island features of the human record, observable as ingrained traces in the skeletal record. These have particular significance as they may relate to Parian endeavours in the northern Aegean to colonise Thasos. Through the 'Paros Polyandreia Anthropological Project,' it was possible to gain insights into aspects of the human environment and experience in the Parian context. A considerable population sample of cremated male individuals was available, shedding light on trends that would have involved Thasos; and discerning further facets of the human condition during the Late Geometric to the Early Archaic periods in the ancient Hellenic world. The report integrates the basic anthropological data, evaluations and assessments derived from the study of the human skeletal record of Polyandreia T144, and T105. Bioarchaeological and forensic anthropological research results include the morphometric analyses of biological developmental growth and variability in relation to manifestations of acquired skeleto-anatomic changes, along with inquiries into the demographic dynamics, and the palaeopathologic profile of the individuals involved. Such intra-site juxtaposition afforded the possibility to deliberate on issues of the intended purpose, function, and symbolic meaning of the two funerary activity areas, and to reflect on the organizational abilities and capacities of the Parians in political and military affairs. Moreover, inter-site evaluations of the burial grounds of Orthi Petra of Eleutherna-Crete, Plithos of Naxos, Athenian Demosion Sema, Pythagoreion of Samos, and Rhodes make possible comparisons of taphonomic conditions, with cremated materials' metric analyses, and reflections on aspects of the funerary customs and practices of the interring of cremated war dead.

Cultural Resource Management (CRM) refers to the discovery, evaluation, and preservation of culturally significant sites, focusing on but not limited to archaeological and historical sites of significance. CRM stems from the National Historic Preservation Act, passed in 1966. In 1986, archaeologists reviewed the practice of CRM in the Great Basin. They concluded that it was mainly a system of finding, flagging, and avoiding- a means of keeping sites and artifacts safe. Success was measured by counting the number of sites recorded and acres surveyed. This volume provides an updated review some thirty years later. The product of a 2016 symposium, its measures are the increase in knowledge obtained through CRM projects and the inclusion of tribes, the general public, industry, and others in the discovery and interpretation of Great Basin prehistory and history. Revealing both successes and shortcomings, it considers how CRM can face the challenges of the future. Chapters offer a variety of perspectives, covering highway archaeology, inclusion of Native American tribes, and the legacy of the NHPA, among other topics.

Over the past 30 years, research on archaeological textiles has developed into an important field of scientific study. It has greatly benefitted from interdisciplinary approaches, which combine the application of advanced technological knowledge to ethnographic, textual and experimental investigations. In exploring textiles and textile processing (such as production and exchange) in ancient societies, archaeologists with different types and quality of data have shared their knowledge, thus contributing to well-established methodology. In this book, the papers highlight how researchers have been challenged to adapt or modify these traditional and more recently developed analytical methods to enable extraction of comparable data from often recalcitrant assemblages. Furthermore, they have applied new perspectives and approaches to extend the focus on less investigated aspects and artefacts. The chapters embrace a broad geographical and chronological area, ranging from South America and Europe to Africa, and from the 11th millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD. Methodological considerations are explored through the medium of three different themes focusing on tools, textiles and fibres, and culture and identity. This volume constitutes a reflection on the status of current methodology and its applicability within the wider textile field. Moreover, it drives forward the methodological debates around textile research to generate new and stimulating conversations about the future of textile archaeology.

This book concerns textile production at the fringes of north-western Europe - areas in western Norway and the North Atlantic in the expanding, dynamic and transformative period from the early Viking Age into the Middle Ages. Textiles constitute one of the basic needs in human life - to protect and keep the body warm but also to show social status and affiliations. Textiles had a wide spectrum of use areas and qualities, fine and coarse in various contexts, and in the Viking Age not least related to the production of sails - all essential for the development and character of the period. So, what were the tools and textiles like, who made them, who used them and who exposed them? By tracing textile production from the remains of tools and textiles in varied landscapes and settings - Viking Age graves and in-situ workplaces from the whole period - and combining this with textual information, many layers of information are exposed about technology and qualities as well as gender, gender roles, social relations, power and networks. By combining tools, textiles and texts in various settings, this book aims to contextualise dispersed archaeological finds of tools and textiles to uncover patterns across larger areas and in a long-term perspective of half a millennium. Related to the overall societal changes from the early Viking Age raids, colonisation to centralisation to urbanisation in the Middle Ages, the tools and textiles reveal diversity, as well as stability and change.

Archaeoastronomy and archaeology are two distinct fields of study which examine the cultural aspect of societies, but from different perspectives. Archaeoastronomy seeks to discover how the impact of the skyscape is materialised in culture, by alignments to celestial events or sky-based symbolism; yet by contrast, archaeology's approach examines all aspects of culture, but rarely considers the sky. Despite this omission, archaeology is the dominant discipline while archaeoastronomy is relegated to the sidelines. The reasons for archaeoastronomy's marginalised status may be found by assessing its history. For such an exploration to be useful, archaeoastronomy cannot just be investigated in a vacuum but must be contextualised by exploring other contemporaneous developments, particularly in archaeology. On the periphery of both, there are various strands of esoteric thought and pseudoscientific theories which paint an alternative view of monumental remains and these also play a part in the background. The discipline of archaeology has had an unbroken lineage from the late 19th-century to the present. On the other hand, archaeoastronomy has not been consistently titled, having adopted various different names such as alignment studies, orientation theory, astro-archaeology, megalithic science, archaeotopography, archaeoastronomy and cultural astronomy: names which depict variants of its methods and theory, sometimes in tandem with those of archaeology and sometimes in opposition. Similarly, its academic status has always been unclear, so to bring it closer to archaeology there was a proposal in 2015 to integrate archaeoastronomy research with that of archaeology and call it skyscape archaeology. This volume examines how all these different variants came about and consider archaeoastronomy's often troubled relationship with archaeology and its appropriation by esotericism, to shed light on its position today.