The Second Annual Workshop on Privacy and Security, organized by the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Information Privacy and Security of the School of C- munication and Information at Rutgers University, was held on May 12, 2008 at the Hyatt Regency, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. A few of the papers in this volume were produced through a multi-step process. First, we recorded the talk given by each author at the workshop in May 2008. Next, we transcribed the recording. The authors then produced a draft of their paper from these transcriptions, refining each draft until the final version. Although the papers are not verbatim transcriptions of the talks given, some do retain the informal and conv- sational quality of the presentations. In one instance we have included some material from the question-and-answer period after the talk, since the material covered proved to be relevant and interesting. The majority of authors, however, preferred to include a more formal paper based on the material presented at the workshop.

This book contains the best papers of the Third International Conference on Software and Data Technologies (ICSOFT 2008), held in Porto, Portugal, which was organized by the Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Communication and Control (INSTICC), co-sponsored by the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC), in cooperation with the Interdisciplinary Institute for Collaboration and Research on Enterprise Systems and Technology (IICREST). The purpose of ICSOFT 2008 was to bring together researchers, engineers and practitioners interested in information technology and software development. The conference tracks were "Software Engineering", "Information Systems and Data Management", "Programming Languages", "Distributed and Parallel Systems" and "Knowledge Engineering". Being crucial for the development of information systems, software and data te- nologies encompass a large number of research topics and applications: from imp- mentation-related issues to more abstract theoretical aspects of software engineering; from databases and data-warehouses to management information systems and kno- edge-base systems; next to that, distributed systems, pervasive computing, data qu- ity and other related topics are included in the scope of this conference.

Information and communication technologies are advancing fast. Processing speed is still increasing at a high rate, followed by advances in digital storage technology, which double storage capacity every year. Furthermore, communication techno- gies do not lag behind. The Internet has been widely used, as well as wireless te- nologies. With a few mouse clicks, people can communicate with each other around the world. All these advances have great potential to change the way people live, introducing new concepts like ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence. Technology is becoming present everywhere in the form of smart and sensitive c- puting devices. They are nonintrusive, transparent and hidden in the background, but they collect, process, and share all kinds of information, including user beh- ior, in order to act in an intelligent and adaptive way. These emerging technologies put new requirements on security and data m- agement. As data are accessible anytime anywhere, it becomes much easier to get unauthorized data access. Furthermore, the use of new technologies has brought about some privacy concerns. It becomes simpler to collect, store, and search personal information, thereby endangering people's privacy. Therefore, research in secure data management is gaining importance, attracting the attention of both the data management and the security research communities. The intere- ing problems range from traditional topics, such as, access control and general database security, via privacy protection to new research directions, such as cryptographically enforced access control.

As intelligent autonomous agents and multiagent system applications become more pervasive, it becomes increasingly important to understand the risks associated with using these systems. Incorrect or inappropriate agent behavior can have harmful - fects, including financial cost, loss of data, and injury to humans or systems. For - ample, NASA has proposed missions where multiagent systems, working in space or on other planets, will need to do their own reasoning about safety issues that concern not only themselves but also that of their mission. Likewise, industry is interested in agent systems that can search for new supply opportunities and engage in (semi-) automated negotiations over new supply contracts. These systems should be able to securely negotiate such arrangements and decide which credentials can be requested and which credentials may be disclosed. Such systems may encounter environments that are only partially understood and where they must learn for themselves which aspects of their environment are safe and which are dangerous. Thus, security and safety are two central issues when developing and deploying such systems. We refer to a multiagent system's security as the ability of the system to deal with threats that are intentionally caused by other intelligent agents and/or s- tems, and the system's safety as its ability to deal with any other threats to its goals.

This volume contains the proceedings of the 12th Financial Cryptography and DataSecurityInternationalConference, heldinCozumel, Mexico, January28-31 2008. Financial cryptography (FC) and data security has been for years the main international forum for research, advanced development, education, exploration, and debate regarding information assurance in the context of ?nance and commerce. Despite the strong competition from other top-tier related security conf- ences, the Program Committee received a signi?cant number of submissions, indicating a growingacceptance of FC as the premier ?nancialand data security forum. The ProgramCommittee, led by the PCChair Gene Tsudik, achievedan excellent program balance between research, practice, and panel sessions. This year the program included two new additions, namely, a short-paper track and a poster session, both extremely well received. Intimate and colorful by tradition, the high-quality program was not the only attraction of FC. In the past, FC conferences have been held in highly research-synergistic locations such as Tobago, Anguilla, Dominica, Key West, Guadeloupe, Bermuda, and the Grand Cayman. In 2008 we continued this t- dition and the conference was located in sunny Cozumel, Mexico. The ongoing carnival, sailing, submarine trips, and Mayan ruins were just a few of the - merous exciteme

th It is our great pleasure to present in this volume the proceedings of the 7 Inter- tional Workshop on Digital Watermarking (IWDW) which was held in Busan, Korea, during November 10-12, 2008. The workshop was hosted by the by Korea Institute of Information Security and Cryptology (KIISC) and sponsored by MarkAny, BK21 CIST (Korea University), ETRI. Since its birth in the early 1990s, digital watermarking has become a mature e- bling technology for solving security problems associated with multimedia distri- tion schemes. Digital watermarks are now used in applications like broadcast mo- toring, movie fingerprinting, digital rights management, and document authentication, to name but a few. Still, many research challenges remain open, among them security and robustness issues, reversibility, and authentication. Continuing the tradition of previous workshops, IWDW 2008 also featured besides papers dealing with digital watermarking contributions from other related fields, such as steganography, ste- nalysis, and digital forensics. The selection of the program was a challenging task. From more than 62 subm- sions (received from authors in 15 different countries) the Program Committee - lected 36 as regular papers. At this point we would like to thank all the authors who submitted their latest research results to IWDW 2008 and all members of the Program Committee who put significant effort into the review process, assuring a balanced program. In addition to the contributed papers, the workshop featured three invited lectures delivered by Y. Q. Shi, C. -C."

The11thInternationalConferenceonInformationandCommunicationsSecurity (ICICS 2009) was held in Beijing, China during December 14-17, 2009. The ICICS conferenceseriesis anestablished forum that bringstogether people from universities,researchinstitutes, industry and governmentinstitutions, who work in a range of ?elds within information and communications security. The ICICS conferencesgiveattendeestheopportunitytoexchangenewideasandinvestigate developments in the state of the art. In previous years, ICICS has taken place in the UK (2008), China (2007, 2005, 2003, 2001 and 1997), USA (2006), Spain (2004), Singapore (2002), and Australia (1999). On each occasion, as on this one, the proceedings have been published in the Springer LNCS series. In total, 162 manuscripts from 20 countries and districts were submitted to ICICS 2009, and a total of 37 (31 regular papers plus 6 short papers) from 13 countries and districts were accepted (an acceptance rate of 23%). The accepted papers cover a wide range of disciplines within information security and applied cryptography. Each submission to ICICS 2009 was anonymously reviewed by three or four reviewers. We are very grateful to members of the Program C- mittee, which was composed of 44 members from 14 countries; we would like to thank them, as well as all the external referees, for their time and their valuable contributions to the tough and time-consuming reviewing process.

Since the mid 1990s, data hiding has been proposed as an enabling technology for securing multimedia communication, and is now used in various applications including broadcast monitoring, movie fingerprinting, steganography, video indexing and retrieval, and image authentication. Data hiding and cryptographic techniques are often combined to complement each other, thus triggering the development of a new research field of multimedia security. Besides, two related disciplines, steganalysis and data forensics, are increasingly attracting researchers and becoming another new research field of multimedia security. This journal, LNCS Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security, aims to be a forum for all researchers in these emerging fields, publishing both original and archival research results.

This fourth issue contains five contributions in the area of digital watermarking. The first three papers deal with robust watermarking. The fourth paper introduces a new least distortion linear gain model for halftone image watermarking and the fifth contribution presents an optimal histogram pair based image reversible data hiding scheme.

On behalf of the Program Committee, it is our pleasure to present the p- ceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection systems (RAID 2009),which took place in Saint-Malo,France, during September 23-25. As in the past, the symposium brought together leading - searchers and practitioners from academia, government, and industry to discuss intrusion detection research and practice. There were six main sessions prese- ingfullresearchpapersonanomalyandspeci?cation-basedapproaches,malware detection and prevention, network and host intrusion detection and prevention, intrusion detection for mobile devices, and high-performance intrusion det- tion. Furthermore, there was a poster session on emerging research areas and case studies. The RAID 2009ProgramCommittee received59 full paper submissionsfrom all over the world. All submissions were carefully reviewed by independent - viewers on the basis of space, topic, technical assessment, and overall balance. The ?nal selection took place at the Program Committee meeting on May 21 in Oakland, California. In all, 17 papers were selected for presentation and p- lication in the conference proceedings. As a continued feature, the symposium accepted submissions for poster presentations which have been published as - tended abstracts, reporting early-stage research, demonstration of applications, or case studies. Thirty posters were submitted for a numerical review by an independent, three-person sub-committee of the Program Committee based on novelty, description, and evaluation. The sub-committee recommended the - ceptance of 16 of these posters for presentation and publication. The success of RAID 2009 depended on the joint e?ort of many people.

MobiSec 2009 was the first ICST conference on security and privacy in mobile information and communication systems. With the the vast area of mobile technology research and application, the intention behind the creation of MobiSec was to make a small, but unique contribution to build a bridge between top-level research and large scale application of novel kinds of information security for mobile devices and communication.

The papers at MobiSec 2009 dealt with a broad variety of subjects ranging from issues of trust in and security of mobile devices and embedded hardware security, over efficient cryptography for resource-restricted platforms, to advanced applications such as wireless sensor networks, user authentication, and privacy in an environment of autonomously communicating objects. With hindsight a leitmotif emerged from these contributions, which corrobarated the idea behind MobiSec; a set of powerful tools have been created in various branches of the security discipline, which await combined application to build trust and security into mobile (that is, all future) networks, autonomous and personal devices, and pervasive applications

Many people do not realise that mathematics provides the foundation for the devices we use to handle information in the modern world. Most of those who do know probably think that the parts of mathematics involvedare quite 'cl- sical', such as Fourier analysis and di?erential equations. In fact, a great deal of the mathematical background is part of what used to be called 'pure' ma- ematics, indicating that it was created in order to deal with problems that originated within mathematics itself. It has taken many years for mathema- cians to come to terms with this situation, and some of them are still not entirely happy about it. Thisbookisanintegratedintroductionto Coding.Bythis Imeanreplacing symbolic information, such as a sequence of bits or a message written in a naturallanguage, byanother messageusing (possibly) di?erentsymbols.There are three main reasons for doing this: Economy (data compression), Reliability (correction of errors), and Security (cryptography). I have tried to cover each of these three areas in su?cient depth so that the reader can grasp the basic problems and go on to more advanced study. The mathematical theory is introduced in a way that enables the basic problems to bestatedcarefully, butwithoutunnecessaryabstraction.Theprerequisites(sets andfunctions, matrices, ?niteprobability)shouldbefamiliartoanyonewhohas taken a standard course in mathematical methods or discrete mathematics. A course in elementary abstract algebra and/or number theory would be helpful, but the book contains the essential facts, and readers without this background should be able to understand what is going on. vi Thereareafewplaceswherereferenceismadetocomputeralgebrasystems.

These are the proceedings of WAIFI 2008, the second workshop on the Ari- metic of Finite Fields, that was held in Siena, Italy, July 6-9, 2008. The ?rst workshop, WAIFI 2007, which was held in Madrid (Spain), was received quite enthusiasticallybymathematicians, computerscientists, engineersandphysicists who are performing research on ?nite ?eld arithmetic. We believe that there is a need for a workshop series bridging the gap between the mathematical theory of ?nite ?elds and their hardware/software implementations and technical - plications. We hope that the WAIFI workshopseries, which from now on will be held on even years, will help to ?ll this gap. Therewere 34 submissionsto WAIFI 2008, of which the ProgramCommittee selected 16 for presentation. Each submission was reviewed by at least three reviewers. Our thanks go to the Program Committee members for their many contributionsandhardwork.Wearealsogratefultotheexternalreviewerslisted below for their expertise and assistance in the deliberations. In addition to the contributions appearing in these proceedings, the workshop program included an invited lecture given by Amin Shokrollahi. Special compliments go out to Enrico Martinelli, General Co-chair, and to Roberto Giorgi and Sandro Bartolini, local organizers of WAIFI 2008, who broughtthe workshopto Siena, oneofthe mostbeautiful citiesofTuscany, Italy. WAIFI 2008 was organized by the Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione of the University of Siena, Italy. The submission and selection of papers were done using the iChair software, developed at EPFL by Thomas Baign eres and Matthieu Finiasz. We also thank Deniz Karakoyunlu for his help in this matter.

th This book contains the best papers of the 5 International Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications (ICETE), which was held in July 2008, in Porto, Portugal. This conference reflects a continuing effort to increase the dissemination of recent research results among professionals who work in the areas of e-business and te- communications. ICETE is a joint international conference integrating four major areas of knowledge that are divided into four corresponding conferences: ICE-B (- ternational Conf. on e-Business), SECRYPT (International Conf. on Security and Cryptography), SIGMAP (Int'l Conf. on Signal Processing and Multimedia) and WINSYS (International Conf. on Wireless Information Systems). The program of this joint conference included several outstanding keynote lectures presented by internationally renowned distinguished researchers who are experts in the various ICETE areas. Their keynote speeches have contributed to heightening the overall quality of the program and significance of the theme of the conference. The conference topic areas define a broad spectrum in the key areas of e-business and telecommunications. This wide-view reporting made ICETE appealing to a global au- ence of engineers, scientists, business practitioners and policy experts. The papers - cepted and presented at the conference demonstrated a number of new and innovative solutions for e-business and telecommunication networks and systems, showing that the technical problems in these closely related fields are challenging and worthwhile - proaching an interdisciplinary perspective such as that promoted by ICETE.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Pairing-Based Cryptography, Pairing 2009, held in Palo Alto, CA, USA, in August 2009.

The 16 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on signature security, curves, pairing computation, non-interactive zero-knowledge systems and applications, group signatures, and protocols.

The book in front of you contains the proceedings of SAC 2008, the 15th - nual Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography. SAC 2008 took place during August 14-15 at Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada. This was the ?rst time that SAC was hosted in New Brunswick, and the second time in an Atlantic Canadian province. Previous SAC workshops were held at Queen's University in Kingston (1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2005), at Carleton University in Ottawa (1995, 1997, 2003), at the University of Waterloo (2000, 2004), at the Fields Institute in Toronto (2001), at Memorial University of N- foundland at St. John's (2002), at Concordia University in Montreal (2006) and at the University of Ottawa (2007). The intent ofthe workshopseriesis to provide a relaxedatmospherein which researchers in cryptography can present and discuss new work on selected areas of current interest. The SAC workshop series has ?rmly established itself as an international forum for intellectual exchange in cryptological research. Theresponsibilityforchoosingthe venueofeachSACworkshopandappoi- ingtheCo-chairslieswiththeSACOrganizingBoard.TheCo-chairsthenchoose the Program Committee in consultation with the Board. Hence, we would like to expressour gratitudeto the SAC OrganizingBoardfor giving usthe mandate to organize SAC 2008, and for their invaluable feedback while assembling the Program Committee.

The 8th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW 2009) was held September 22-25, 2009 in Murcia, Spain. Since ADHOCNOW started as a workshop in 2002, it has become a well-established and well-known international conference dedicated to wireless and mobile c- puting. During the last few years it has been held in Toronto, Canada (2002), Montreal, Canada (2003), Vancouver, Canada (2004), Cancun, Mexico (2005), Ottawa, Canada (2006), Morelia, Mexico (2007) and Sophia Antipolis, France (2008). The conference serves as a forum for interesting discussions on ongoing research and new contributions addressing both experimental and theoretical research in the area of ad hoc networks, mesh networks, sensor networks and vehicular networks. In 2009, we recived 92 submissions from 28 di?erent countries around the globe: Algeria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, Finland, France, G- many, Greece, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Serbia,SouthAfrica,Spain,Tunisia,UKand USA. Of the submitted papers, we selected 24 full papers and 10 short papers for publication in the proceedings and presentation in the conference.

These proceedings contain the papers presented at VoteID 2009, the Second - ternationalConferenceonE-votingandIdentity.TheconferencewasheldinL- embourgduring September 7-8,2009, hostedbythe Universityof Luxembourg. VoteID 2009 built on the success of the 2007 edition held in Bochum. Events have moved on dramatically in the intervening two years: at the time of writing, people are in the streets of Tehran protesting against the claimed outcome of the June12thpresidentialelectionin Iran.Banners bearingthe words"Whereis my vote?" bear testimony to the strength of feeling and the need for elections to be trusted. These events show that the search for high-assurance voting is not a purely academic pursuit but one of very real importance. We hope that VoteID 2009 will help contribute to our understanding of the foundations of democracy. TheProgramCommitteeselected11papersforpresentationattheconference out of a total of 24 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least four Program Committee members. The EasyChair conference management system proved instrumental in the reviewing process as well as in the preparation of these proceedings. The selected papers cover a wide range of aspects of voting: proposals for high-assurancevotingsystems, evaluationofexistingsystems, assessmentofp- lic response to electronic voting and legal aspects. The program also included a keynote by Mark Ryan.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, RSKT 2009, held in Gold Coast, Australia, in July 2009. The 85 revised full papers presented together with 3 keynote papers and 2 special sessions were carefully reviewed and selected from 229 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on rough sets and computing, rough sets and data reduction, data mining and knowledge discovery, granular computing and cognitive computing, fuzzy sets and computing, knowledge technology and intelligent systems, computational intelligence and applications, image processing and understanding, and formal concept analysis.

This book contains the proceedings of the 5th European Public Key Infrastr- ture Workshop: Theory and Practice, EuroPKI 2008, which was held on the NTNU campus Gloshaugen in Trondheim, Norway, in June 2008. The EuroPKI workshop series focuses on all research and practice aspects of public key infrastructures, services and applications, and welcomes original research papers and excellent survey contributions from academia, government, and industry. Simplyput, publickeysareeasiertodistributethansecretkeys.Nevertheless, constructing e?ective, practical, secure and low cost means for assuring auth- ticity and validity of public keys used in large-scale networked services remains both a technological and organizational challenge. In a nutshell, this is the PKI problem, and the papers presented herein propose new solutions and insight for these questions. This volume holds 16 refereedpapers including the presentationpaper by the invited speaker P. Landrock. In response to the EuroPKI 2008 call for papers, a total of 37 paper proposalswere received. All submissions underwenta thorough blind review by at least three PC members, resulting in a careful selection and revision of the accepted papers. The authors came from 10 countries: Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Spain, and the USA.Theacceptedpaperswereorganizedintothe topicalsessions: InvitedTalk, Certi?cates, Authentication, Practice, Signatures, Analysis, and Networks.

The security issues set by the global digitization of our society have had, and will continue to have, a crucial impact at all levels of our social organization, including, just to mention a few, privacy, economics, environmental policies, national sovereignty, medical environments. The importance of the collaborations in the various ?elds of computer s- ence to solve these problems linked with other sciences and techniques is clearly recognized. Moreover, the collaborative work to bridge the formal theory and practical applications becomes increasingly important and useful. In this context, and since France and Japan have strong academic and ind- trial backgrounds in the theory and practice of the scienti?c challenges set by this digitized world, in 2005 we started a formal French-Japanese collaboration and workshop series on computer security. The three ?rst editions of these French-Japanese Computer Security wo- shops in Tokyo, September 5-7, 2005 and December 4-5, 2006 and in Nancy, March 13-14, 2008 were very fruitful and were accompanied by several imp- tant research exchanges between France and Japan. Because of this success, we launched a call for papers dedicated to computer security from it's foundation to practice, with the goal of gathering together ?nal versions of the rich set of papers and ideas presented at the workshops, yet opening the call to everyone interested in contributing in this context. This v- ume presents the selection of papers arising from this call and this international collaboration.

The biennial International Workshop on Coding and Cryptology (IWCC) aims to bring together many of the world's greatest minds in coding and crypt- ogy to share ideas and exchange knowledge related to advancements in c- ing and cryptology, amidst an informal setting conducive for interaction and collaboration. It is well known that fascinating connections exist between coding and cr- tology. Therefore this workshop series was organized to facilitate a fruitful - teraction and stimulating discourse among experts from these two areas. The inaugural IWCC was held at Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China, during June 11-15, 2007 and attracted over 80 participants. Following this s- cess, the second IWCC was held June 1-5, 2009 at Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, China. Zhangjiajie is one of the most scenic areas in China. The proceedings of this workshop consist of 21 technical papers, covering a wide range of topics in coding and cryptology, as well as related ?elds such as combinatorics. All papers, except one, are contributed by the invited speakers of the workshop and each paper has been carefully reviewed. We are grateful to the external reviewers for their help, which has greatly strengthened the quality of the proceedings. IWCC 2009 was co-organizedby the National University of Defense Techn- ogy (NUDT), China and Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. We acknowledge with gratitude the ?nancial support from NUDT. We wouldliketo expressourthanks to Springer formaking it possible forthe proceedings to be published in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, Inscrypt 2008, held in Beijing, China, in December 2008.

The 28 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 183 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on digital signature and signcryption schemes, privacy and anonymity, message authentication code and hash function, secure protocols, symmetric cryptography, certificateless cryptography, hardware implementation and side channel attack, wireless network security, public key and identity based cryptography, access control and network security, as well as trusted computing and applications.

This book contains the best papers of the 4th International Conference on E-business and Telecommunications (ICETE), which was held during July 28-31, 2007 in Barcelona, Spain. The conference reflects a continuing effort to increase the dissemination of recent research results among professionals who work in the areas of e-business and telecommunications. ICETE is a joint international conf- ence integrating four major areas of knowledge that are divided into four cor- sponding conferences: ICE-B (International Conference on e-Business), SECRYPT (International Conference on Security and Cryptography), WINSYS (International Conference on Wireless Information Systems) and SIGMAP (International Conf- ence on Signal Processing and Multimedia). The program of this joint conference included several outstanding keynote lectures presented by internationally renowned distinguished researchers who are experts in the various ICETE areas. Their keynote speeches contributed to the ov- all quality of the program and heightened the significance of the theme of the conference. The conference topic areas define a broad spectrum in the key areas of- business and telecommunications. This wide view has made it appealing to a global audience of engineers, scientists, business practitioners and policy experts. The papers accepted and presented at the conference demonstrated a number of new and innovative solutions for e-business and telecommunication networks and systems, showing that the technical problems in these fields are challenging, related and significant.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, FC 2007, and the co-located 1st International Workshop on Usable Security, USEC 2007, both held in Scarborough, Trinidad/Tobago, in February 2007.

The book includes 17 revised full papers, 1 system presentation paper and the transcriptions of 5 panel sessions from FC 2007. The papers, which were carefully reviewed and selected from 85 submissions, are organized in topical sections on Payment Systems, Anonymity, Authentication, Anonymity and Privacy, Cryptography and Commercial Transactions, Financial Transactions and Web Services, and Cryptography. The book concludes with 5 revised full and 5 revised short papers from the USEC 2007 workshop. This workshop brought together an interdisciplinary group of researchers and practitioners to discuss usability problems and deepen the understanding of users' capabilities and motivations in performing security tasks.

It is commonly assumed that computers process information. But what is inf- mation? In a technical, important, but nevertheless rather narrow sense, Sh- non'sinformationtheorygivesa?rstanswertothisquestion.Thistheoryfocuses on measuring the information content of a message. Essentially this measure is the reduction of the uncertainty obtained by receiving a message. The unc- tainty of a situation of ignorance in turn is measured by entropy. This theory hashad an immense impact on the technologyof information storage,data c- pression, information transmission and coding and still is a very active domain of research. Shannon's theory has also attractedmuch interest in a more philosophic look at information, although it was readily remarked that it is only a "syntactic" theory of information and neglects "semantic" issues. Several attempts have been made in philosophy to give information theory a semantic ?avor, but still mostly based on or at least linked to Shannon's theory. Approaches to semantic informationtheoryalsoveryoftenmakeuseofformallogic.Thereby,information is linked to reasoning, deduction and inference, as well as to decision making. Further, entropy and related measure were soon found to have important connotations with regard to statistical inference. Surely, statistical data and observation represent information, information about unknown, hidden para- ters. Thus a whole branch of statistics developed around concepts of Shannon's information theory or derived from them. Also some proper measurements - propriate for statistics, like Fisher's information, were proposed.