This book describes the latest development in optical fiber devices, and their applications to sensor technology. Optical fiber sensors, an important application of the optical fiber, have experienced fast development, and attracted wide attentions in basic science as well as in practical applications. Sensing is often likened to human sense organs. Optical fiber can not only transport information acquired by sensors at high speed and large volume, but also can play the roles of sensing element itself. Compared with electric and other types of sensors, fiber sensor technology has unique merits. It has advantages over conventional bulky optic sensors, such as combination of sensing and signal transportation, smaller size, and possibility of building distributed systems. Fiber sensor technology has been used in various areas of industry, transportation, communication, security and defense, as well as daily life. Its importance has been growing with the advancement of the technology and the expansion of the scope of its application, a growth this book fully describes.

This book provides the reader with a clear overview of the considerable body of research and development work carried out in the last five years on microstructured polymer optical fibres (mPOFs). It discusses new applications which will be opened up by this emerging technology and includes for the first time details about the fabrication process for these fibres. The book provides an excellent introduction to this new technology.

This book presents high-performance data transmission over plastic optical fibers (POF) using integrated optical receivers having good properties with multilevel modulation, i.e. a higher sensitivity and higher data rate transmission over a longer plastic optical fiber length. Integrated optical receivers and transmitters with high linearity are introduced for multilevel communication. For binary high-data rate transmission over plastic optical fibers, an innovative receiver containing an equalizer is described leading also to a high performance of a plastic optical fiber link. The cheap standard PMMA SI-POF (step-index plastic optical fiber) has the lowest bandwidth and the highest attenuation among multimode fibers. This small bandwidth limits the maximum data rate which can be transmitted through plastic optical fibers. To overcome the problem of the plastic optical fibers high transmission loss, very sensitive receivers must be used to increase the transmitted length over POF. The plastic optical fiber limited bandwidth problem can be decreased by using multilevel signaling like multilevel pulse amplitude modulation or by using an equalizer for binary data transmission.

This book covers important aspects of modern optical communication. It is intended to serve both students and professionals. Consequently, a solid coverage of the necessary fundamentals is combined with an in-depth discussion of recent relevant research results. The book has grown from lecture notes over the years, starting 1992. It accompanies my present lectures Optical Communication A (Fundamentals), B (Mode Coupling), C (Modulation Formats) and D (Selected Topics) at the University of Paderborn, Germany. I gratefully acknowledge contributions to this book from Dr. Timo Pfau, Dr. David Sandel, Dr. Sebastian Hoffmann and Mohamed El-Darawy. Contents Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................ . . 1 2 Optical Waves in Fibers and Components.......................................3 2. 1 Electromagnetic Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. 1. 1 Maxwell's Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. 1. 2 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. 1. 3 Wave Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. 1. 4 Homogeneous Plane Wave in Isotropic Homogeneous Medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. 1. 5 Power and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. 2 Dielectric Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2. 2. 1 Dielectric Slab Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2. 2. 2 Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2. 3 Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2. 3. 1 Representing States-of-Polarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2. 3. 2 Anisotropy, Index Ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2. 3. 3 Jones Matrices, Muller Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2. 3. 4 Monochromatic Polarization Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2. 3. 5 Polarization Mode Dispersion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2. 4 Linear Electrooptic Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2. 4. 1 Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2. 4. 2 Soleil-Babinet Compensator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2. 5 Mode Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2. 5. 1 Mode Orthogonality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2. 5. 2 Mode Coupling Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This book covers the recent progress in fiber-optic communication systems with a main focus on the impact of fiber nonlinearities on the system performance. Over the past few years, there has been significant progress in coherent communication systems mainly because of the advances in digital signal processing techniques. This has led to renewed interest in fiber linear and nonlinear impairments and techniques to mitigate them in electrical domain. In this book, the reader will find all the important topics of fiber optic communication systems in one place with in-depth coverage by the experts of each subtopics. Pioneers from each of the sub-topics have been invited to contribute. Each chapter will have a section on fundamentals, review of literature survey and the recent developments. The reader will benefit from this approach since many of the conference proceedings and journal articles mainly focus on the authors' research work without spending space on preliminaries.

Total coverage of introductory photonics for students and engineers

Elements of Photonics is a textbook and reference that treats the connection between photons and electrons. This first volume focuses specifically on photonics in free space and special media, such as anisotropic crystals.

The book includes discussions of important topics in Fourier optics–properties of lenses, optical image processing, and holography–as well as sections on the Gaussian beam, light propagation in anisotropic media, external field effects, and polarization of light and its major implications. Each chapter contains numerous examples and sample problems to elucidate the material. The level of the mathematics is sufficient to explain the essence of the phenomena without being burdensome. This is an ideal introduction to photonics for working engineers and students. Volume I of Elements of Photonics also includes detailed sections on the following topics:

• Boundaries, near-field optics, and near-field imaging
• Fabry Perot resonators, beams, and radiation pressure
• Optical properties of crystals under various external fields
• Construction and use of the Poincaré sphere
• Phase conjugate optics

Fiber optics is a transmission technique that uses electrical signals to modulate a light source and thereby produce an optical signal proportional to the electrical signal. These optical signals contain information that is transmitted via a glass waveguide to a light-sensitive receiver. Fiber optics has a distinct advantage over copper networks for some applications. The objective of this book is to explore monomode, as opposed to multimode, applications of fiber optics to local area networks (LANs), which have become a rather important aspect of this technology because of the ever-increasing growth of LANs. Monomode fiber optics requires the use of coherent light sources such as laser diodes, YAGs, and HeNe lasers, to name just a few. It has some distinct advantages over multimode that this text will investigate in a cursory manner. (The author's previous book on multimode fiber optics, Fiber Optic Design and Applications, published by Reston, would be helpful but not necessary to aug ment this text.) Monomode (or single-mode) fiber optics is the present direction of the state of-the-art because of its superior performance. Since a few problems existed that limited the growth of monomode technology at the time this book was being written, several sections of the text will be devoted to examining the shortcom ings as well as the performance advantages of this technology."

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of "optics" but more from the perspective of an engineering field within "optoelectronics.

Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering provides a modern resource for a first course in lasers for both students and professionals. Starting from simple descriptions, this text builds upon them to give a detailed modern physical understanding of the concepts behind light, optical beams and lasers. The coverage starts with the nature of light and the principles of photon absorption and transmission, leading to the amplified and stimulated emission principals governing lasers. The specifics of lasers and their application, safe use and future prospects are then covered, with a wealth of illustrations to provide readers with a visual sense of optical and laser principles.

The optical fiber based supercontinuum source has recently become a significant scientific and commercial success, with applications ranging from frequency comb production to advanced medical imaging. This one-of-a-kind book explains the theory of fiber supercontinuum broadening, describes the diverse operational regimes and indicates principal areas of applications, making it a very important guide for researchers and graduate students. With contributions from major figures and groups who have pioneered research in this field, the book describes the historical development of the subject, provides a background to the associated nonlinear optical processes, treats the generation mechanisms from continuous wave to femtosecond pulse pump regimes and highlights the diverse applications. A full discussion of numerical methods and comprehensive computer code are also provided, enabling readers to confidently predict and model supercontinuum generation characteristics under realistic conditions.

The guru of high technology and a man whose "slightest utterance can move stocks" (The Wall Street Journal) presents a clear, cogent vision of the future of telecommunications; what it will mean in our everyday lives; and how savvy investors can get on the bandwagon today.

With his books (including the groundbreaking Microcosm), top-selling newsletter, testimony before Congress, and annual Telecosm conferences, George Gilder has become the premier prophet of bandwidth and connectivity. In this revised version of Telecosm, Gilder takes technology buffs and investors on a mind-bending tour inside the worldwide webs of glass and light, explaining how fiber optics and wireless breakthroughs are pushing new technologies and new companies to the fore.

What telecommunications professionals need to know about nonlinear optical communication systems
This book responds to the need for a coherent approach to nonlinear optical communication systems. It gives telecommunications researchers and engineers a handle on the unique problems presented by the proliferation of optical technologies in telecommunications in recent years and provides problem-solving strategies for various network functions and operations.
The product of a collaborative effort by four well-known researchers in telecommunications transmission systems, this volume covers design basics, network performance, and state-of-the-art system analysis tools and is supplemented with hundreds of illustrations as well as appendices containing the necessary mathematical derivations. It details:
* Design principles of the network transmission layer with optical technologies and fiber nonlinearities in place.
* Performance evaluation for a variety of optical transmission systems operating under nonlinear propagation regimes.
* Local area networks, regional networks, and geographical networks--their potential transmission capacity and possible problems.
* Examples of effective design from the most promising nonlinear optical transmission systems.
* The methodology for design and analysis of a generic system

The book covers the theories and physics of advanced new optical measuring methods and problems of experimental performance, recent achievements in the basic interferometric methods holography, speckle-interferometry, shearography as well as linear/non-linear photoelasticity and photoviscoelasticity, Moire- and grid-techniques. It deals with theory and application of digital image processing, methods of data recording, data processing and -visualisation, with mathematical/numerical procedures for final evaluation of digitised measured data and the principle of hybrid techniques. It introduces into the new perceptions of methods in experimental solid mechanics and it should encourage scientists to deal intensively with the theories for further developments, and enables practitioners, to understand theory and physics of the new achievements at least and to apply the methods in research als well as in developments in practice.

The Fiber Optic Reference Guide offers readers a solid understanding of the principles of fiber optic technology, especially as it relates to telecommunications, from its early days to developing future trends. Using a minimum of jargon and a wealth of illustrations, this book provides the underlying principles of fiber optics as well as essential practical applications. The third edition is updated to include expanded sections on light emitters, semiconductor optical amplifiers, Bragg gratings, and more systems design considerations.
Fiber optics plays a key role in communications, as well as in broadcast and cable systems. Engineers working with fiber optics as well as newcomers to the industry will find the third edition of this reference guide invaluable. It will help the reader develop a solid understanding of the underlying principles of this rapidly changing technology as well as its essential practical applications. The text is thoroughly indexed and illustrated.
* An ideal primer for newcomers to the fiber optics industry as well as a useful reference guide for seasoned fiber optics veterans
* The only book on the subject to present practical applications
* Thoroughly updated and heavily illustrated

This comprehensive volume provides a deeper understanding of the reliability of optical fibres and components. It is the first of its kind to look at the reliability of products and show their results and conclusions, bringing together 70 experts from a joint research initiative.

This book provides a self-contained presentation of optical methods used to measure the structure and dynamics of complex fluids subject to the influence of external fields. Such fields--hydrodynamic, electric, and magnetic--are commonly encountered in both academic and industrial research, and can produce profound changes in the microscale properties of liquids comprised of polymers, colloids, liquid crystals, or surfactants. Starting with the basic Maxwell field equations, this book discusses the polarization properties of light, including Jones and Mueller calculus, and then covers the transmission, reflection, and scattering of light in anisotropic materials. Spectroscopic interactions with oriented systems such as absorptive dichroism, small wide angle light scattering, and Raman scattering are discussed. Applications of these methods to a wide range of problems in complex fluid dynamics and structure are presented, along with selected case studies chosen to elucidate the range of techniques and materials that can be studied. As the only book of its kind to present a self-contained description of optical methods used for the full range of complex fluids, this work will be special interest to a wide range of readers, including chemical engineers, physical chemists, physicists, polymer and colloid scientists, along with graduate and post-graduate researchers.

The content of this book is the result of the work and the experiences of an interdisciplinary and strictly European group of researchers who have attempted to give birth to a new fibre communication network concept by exploiting the potential benefits of optical coherent transmission. The run towards this ambitious goal started in 1985 on the basis of the ESPRIT program incentives by an "ad hoc" consortium of industrial partners and research institutions. The first three years were dedicated to a feasibility study carried out by a reduced number of "pioneers." In 1989 the team was extended to eleven partners. There was already clear evidence of the increasing interest in Europe in exploring the actual limits of optical fibre coherent systems; the project had innovative and very advanced features that were gradually refined by incorporating the latest technological developments to which it has directly contributed. The main objective of the project targeted the development of the necessary building blocks to show experimentally the performance and the flexibility built into the proposed concept of multi-channel ultra-wideband network. The system concept developed within this project associates optical frequency division multiplexing with a suitable network architecture and management techniques to allow very high flexibility and efficiency in handling simultaneous transmission over the network (on each optical frequency) of multiple virtual channels each operating with a wide range of information rates ranging from a fraction of a Mb/s up to a maximum value in excess of 160 Mb/s.

The first edition of this dictionary was written during the years preceding 1980. No fiber optics glossary had been published by any recognized stan dards body. No other dictionaries in fiber optics had been published. A significant list of fiber optics terms and definitions, NBS Handbook 140, Optical Waveguide Communications Glossary, was issued in 1982 by the National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Since then several publications by standards bodies contained fiber optics terms and definitions. In 1984 the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers published IEEE Standard 812-1984, Definitions of Terms Relating to Fiber Optics. In 1986 the National Communication Sys tem published Federal Standard FED-STD-I037A, Glossary of Telecom munication Terms, containing about 100 fiber optics terms and definitions. In 1988 the Electronic Industries Association issued EIA-440A, Fiber Optic Terminology. All of these works were based on NBS Handbook 140 com piled 10 years earlier. Currently the International Electrotechnical Commission is preparing IEC Draft 731, Optical Communications, Terms and Definitions. Work in fiber optics terminology is being contemplated in the International Organization for Standardization and the International Telecommunications Union. None of these works constitutes a comprehensive coverage of the field of fiber optics. Each was prepared by professional people representing specific in terest groups. Each work was aimed at specific audiences: research activi ties, development activities, manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and so on. Their content is devoted primarily to fundamental scientific and technical principles and theory rather than state-of-the-art and advanced technology."

In recent years, investments by cloud companies in mega data centers and associated network infrastructure has created a very active and dynamic segment in the optical components and modules market. Optical interconnect technologies at high speed play a critical role for the growth of mega data centers, which flood the networks with unprecedented amount of data traffic. Datacenter Connectivity Technologies: Principles and Practice provides a comprehensive and in-depth look at the development of various optical connectivity technologies which are making an impact on the building of data centers. The technologies span from short range connectivity, as low as 100 meters with multi-mode fiber (MMF) links inside data centers, to long distances of hundreds of kilometers with single-mode fiber (SMF) links between data centers. This book is the first of its kind to address various advanced technologies connecting data centers. It represents a collection of achievements and the latest developments from well-known industry experts and academic researchers active in this field. Technical topics covered in this book include: - Mega data center requirements - High volume VCSELs - Directly modulated lasers - Electro-absorption modulated lasers - Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) - Discrete Multi-Tone modulation (DMT) - Optical Duobinary Transmission - Optical fibers and connectors - Mach-zenhder modulators - Silicon photonics - Optical waveguide devices and packaging - Testing and measurements - Advanced modulation formats - Optical coherent networks - High-speed IC design & packaging

Describes the major architectures, standards, and technologies of Passive Optical Networks (PONs)The ComSoc Guide to Passive Optical Networks provides readers with a concise explanation of the key features of Passive Optical Networks (PONs); the different types of PON architectures and standards; key issues of PON devices, management, and implementation; and the promising business opportunities in access networks.Written for a broad audience, ranging from developers to users, this indispensable book provides an understanding o the evolutionary path of PON access systems and their positioning with respect to the cable, copper, and wireless competitors for broadband access networks. In addition, The ComSoc Guide to Passive Optical Networks: Provides brief, high-level overviews of the architectures and applications of Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) or Fiber-to-the-Curb (FTTC) access networks and the alternative HFC, subscriber line, and WiMAX access systemsAwards readers with a clear understanding of what BPON, GPON, WDM-PON and EPON are and how they work, together with an introduction to their respective standardsCarefully defines all acronyms and technical terms, making the book accessible to those who may not be specialists in this areaGives readers an appreciation of the last mile problems in telecommunications access networks, and the opportunities in optical-wireless integration

This book provides a step-by-step discussion through each topic of fiber optics. Each chapter explores theoretical concepts of principles and then applies them by using experimental cases with numerous illustrations. The book works systematically through fiber optic cables, advanced fiber optic cables, light attenuation in optical components, fiber optic cable types and installations, fiber optic connectors, passive fiber optic devices, wavelength division multiplexing, optical amplifiers, optical receivers, opto-mechanical switches, and optical fiber communications. It includes important chapters in fiber optic lighting, fiber optics testing, and laboratory safety.

This straightforward text examines the scientific principles, characterization techniques, and fabrication methods used to design and produce high quality optical fibers. Polymer Fiber Optics: Materials, Physics, and Applications focuses on the fundamental concepts that will continue to play a role in future research and applications. This book documents the underlying physics of polymer fibers, particularly aspects of light interaction, and details the practical considerations for a broad range of characterization techniques used to investigate new phenomena. The book presents basic fabrication techniques and protocols that will likely remain useful as new advances address specific processing challenges. The author presents a fresh approach to standard derivations, using numerous figures and diagrams to break down complex concepts and illustrate theoretical calculations. The final chapters draw attention to the latest directions in research and novel applications, including photomechanical actuation, electro-optic fibers, and smart materials.

This book presents the basic principles of optical sensor technology in line with the tremendous development in the concept of optical fibers. In the first four chapters, the book discusses the basic principles of optical sensor technology in a simplified manner, making it suitable for all levels of study and research. The seven remaining chapters are concerned with the practical applications of optical sensor technology in all fields such as oil and gas, civil engineering, medical and military fields and harsh environments.

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of "optics" but more from the perspective of an engineering field within "optoelectronics.

The field of photonics covers the techniques and scientific knowledge which can be applied to the generation, propogation, control, amplification, detection, storage and processing of signals of the optical spectrum, as well as their technologies and derived uses. Photonics can be divided into several areas in which optical communication and phototonic sensing technology are included.

The constant pursuit of more efficient telecommunications has resulted in a major research push aimed at creating communications systems that are lighter, faster, more reliable and cheaper. This has resulted in great advances in devices, subsystems and in particular in fibre optic technology which in turn contributes to advances in fibre sensing technology.

Written by a broad spectrum of leading international academic and industry experts, this handbook offers comprehensive coverage of the theory as well as the many successful wide-ranging applications. It is organised into four main parts:

• Preliminary: offers an overview of fibre optic sensing technology, the applications where it can be used successfully and provides a general introduction to the handbook. The commercialisation of optical fibre sensors is also reviewed.
• Fundamentals of Phototonics and Components for Sensing: describes the phototonic concepts and components needed in order to understand, design and realise phototonic sensor systems.
• Principles and Techniques for Sensing: presents the principloes and techniques of phototonic sensing technology enabling the reader to understand how sensors work and how sensors can be made
• Applications: provides an overview of the recent developments currently taking place in laboratory and field trials, as well as the available sensors in the present market and the future trends. Applications are featured throughout the text, wheras this part focuses primarily on niche applications.