An understanding of long-range transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere requires a knowledge of the relevant atmospheric dynamic and chemical processes active at the regional scale as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of emissions. Numerical modeling is the most efficient way to determine the atmospheric transport, photochemistry and deposition pathways. The book therefore discusses the physical and chemical processes that determine regional air pollution and presents the relevant modeling techniques to describe the different atmospheric processes that are active at that scale.

Environmental pollution is one of the main problems to confront humanity, with the heavy metals occupying a leading role among the most pernicious pollutants. The metals cause cancer and other sicknesses. Their cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials are not fully understood, and any thorough investigation demands the combined efforts of scientists drawn from many different disciplines. But the effects of heavy metals are not all negative: some, like cis-DDP, and some ruthenium and tin complexes, have antitumour activity. The idea underlying the present work is therefore to present a multidisciplinary perspective on heavy metals in the environment, affording a better understanding of their action on human organisms and health, aiming to make them less polluting and more environmentally friendly.

Environmental problems have become increasingly complex. The procedures for investigating these problems cross the traditional boundaries of organic and analytical chemistry, microbiology and biology. Organic Chemicals: An Environmental Perspective brings together the basic issues of chemical analysis, distribution, persistence, and ecotoxicology.
The author illustrates each point with specific examples and presents a mechanistic approach to microbial reactions. Extensive cross referencing between chapters provides cohesion and complete coverage of issues tangential to each topic. The new edition has been extensively revised, and contains a new appendix, a new chapter, plus further revised information throughout the book. In fact, it is a completely new book.
A major difficulty in environmental science is that much of the background is widely scattered in the specialized chemical, microbiological, and biological literature. The coverage of all these areas in a single volume, the coherence supplied by the cross references, and the extensive references to the original literature makes Organic Chemicals: An Environmental Perspective a unique resource.

Contents:
Part I: Introduction; 1: What is environmental science?; 2: Environmental interactions, cycles and systems; 3: Ecology and environmentalism; 4: History of environmental science; 5: Changing attitudes to the natural world; Part II: Earth Sciences; 6: Formation and structure of the earth; 7: The formation of rocks, minerals, and geologic structures; 8: Weathering; 9: The evolution of landforms; 10: Coasts, estuaries, sea levels; 11: Energy from the sun; 12: Albedo and heat capacity; 13: The greenhouse effect; 14: The evolution, composition, and structure of the atmosphere; 15: General circulation of the atmosphere; 16: Oceans, gyres, currents; 17: Weather and climate; 18: Glacials, interglacials, and interstadials; 19: Dating methods; 20: Climate change; 21: Climatic regions and floristic regions; Part III: Physical Resources; 22: Fresh water and the hydrological cycle; 23: Eutrophication and the life cycles of lakes; 24: Salt water, brackish water, and desalination; 25: Irrigation, waterlogging, and salinization; 26: Soil formation, ageing, and taxonomy; 27: Transport by water and wind; 28: Soil, climate, and land use; 29: Soil erosion and its control; 30: Mining and processing of fuels; 31: Mining and processing of minerals; Part IV: Biosphere; 32: Biosphere, biomes, biogeography; 33: Nutrient cycles; 34: Respiration and photosynthesis; 35: Trophic relationships; 36: Energy, numbers, biomass; 37: Ecosystems; 38: Succession and climax; 39: Arrested successions; 40: Colonization; 41: Stability, instability, and reproductive strategies; 42: Simplicity and diversity; 43: Homeostasis, feedback, regulation; 44: Limits of tolerance; Part V: Biological Resources: 45: Evolution; 46: Evolutionary strategies and game theory; 47: Adaption; 48: Dispersal mechanisms; 49: Wildlife species and habitats; 50: Biodiversity; 51: Fisheries; 52: Forests; 53: Farming for food and fibre; 54: Human populations and demographic change; 55: Genetic engineering; Part VI: Environmental Management; 56: Wildlife conservation; 57: Zoos, nature reserves, wilderness; 58: Pest control; 59: Restoration ecology; 60: World conservation strategies; 61: Pollution control; 62: Transnational pollution

The new edition of this popular student text offers an engaging introduction to environmental study. It covers the entire breadth of the environmental sciences, providing concise, non-technical explanations of physical processes and systems and the effects of human activities. In this second edition the scientific background to major environmental issues is clearly explained. These include:
* global warming
* genetically modified foods
* desertification
* acid rain
* deforestation
* human population growth
* depleting resources
* nuclear power generation
* descriptions of the 10 major biomes.
Special student text features include illustrations and explanatory diagrams, boxed case studies, concepts and definitions.

This book, along with its companion volume, discusses the research needs, institutional modifications, and legislative changes that must be addressed to deal more effectively with the risks of hazardous materials. Prominent among the research needs is the necessity to assess the health effects of low-level exposure to toxicants. For none of these agents (lead, mercury, radiation, PCDDs, dioxins, PCBs, pesticides) is the existing toxicological data sufficient to define unambiguously the dose-effect relationship in the low-dose domain. Another uncertainty is our ignorance of how individuals within the human population may vary in susceptibility to the agents because of differences in genetic background, age, sex, diet, health status, and exposure to extraneous environmental influences. Also identified among the research needs are methods for improving the technology of waste disposal, waste reduction, and waste recycling. Institutional changes necessary are the commitment to long-term, pro-active, prevention-oriented objectives; institutional mechanisms to achieve better consistency and coordination among different agencies; improvement in the reliability, credibility, and effectiveness with which institutions communicate risk-assessments and risk-management policies; and provision for more adequate education and training of all who must be involved. Finally, the need for certain legislative changes is considered, including better use of incentives, such as taxation and price support mechanisms; better use of enforcement provisions; statutes that address cross-media patterns of human exposure; and greater federal-state-local coordination in risk-assessment and risk-management activities.

This Reader contains a comprehensive collection of recent work by leading authors in the field of business and sustainable development. With 17 chapters organized thematically into sections covering 'business opportunities', 'environmental and social accounting', 'critical perspectives' and 'trade and sustainable development', The Earthscan Reader in Business and Sustainable Development is essential reading for all those with an interest in the role that business can play in moving society towards a sustainable future.

Written over a period of 17 years, the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment exhaustively examines and analyzes the world literature on chemicals entering the environment from human activities. The three volumes cover chemicals recommended by environmental specialists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other resource managers. The choices were based on the real or potential impact of each contaminant and on the knowledge available about their mitigation.
The information for each chemical includes source and use; physical, chemical, and metabolic properties; concentrations in field collections of abiotic materials and living organisms; deficiency effects; lethal and sublethal effects; and proposed regulatory criteria for the protection of human health and sensitive natural resources. Each chapter selectively reviews and synthesizes the technical literature on a specific priority contaminant and its effects on the environment.
Successful risk assessment relies heavily on extensive and well-documented databases. They often include too much - or too little - information about too many chemicals. Of the hundreds of thousands of chemicals discharged into the environment, only a small number have sufficient information to attempt preliminary risk assessment. Sold only as a three volume set, the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment provides you with the exact amount of information you need in a single resource.

Decision Support Systems for Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites addresses decision making in environmental risk management for contaminated sites, focusing on the potential role of decision support systems in informing the management of chemical pollutants and their effects. Considering the environmental relevance and the financial impacts of contaminated sites all over the post-industrialized countries and the complexity of decision making in environmental risk management, decision support systems can be used by decision makers in order to have a more structured analysis of a problem at hand and define possible options of intervention to solve the problem. Accordingly, the book provides an analysis of the main steps and tools for the development of decision support systems, namely: environmental risk assessment, decision analysis, spatial analysis and geographic information system, indicators and endpoints. Sections are dedicated to the review of decision support systems for contaminated land management and for inland and coastal waters management. Both include discussions of management problem formulation and of the application of specific decision support systems. This book is a valuable support for environmental risk managers and for decision makers involved in a sustainable management of contaminated sites, including contaminated lands, river basins and coastal lagoons. Furthermore, it is a basic tool for the environmental scientists who gather data and perform assessments to support decisions, developers of decision support systems, students of environmental science and members of the public who wish to understand the assessment science that supports remedial decisions.

Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution contains almost all the technical know-how required to clean up our water supply. It provides a survey of up-to-date technologies for remediation, as well as a step-by-step guide to pollution assessment for both ground and surface waters.
The book defines groundwater, aquifers and surface water and discusses the physical properties of soils, liquids, vadose zones and aquifers. It emphasizes controlling nonpoint source pollution, best management practices, and an integrated management approach.
The editors cover not only engineering but also legal, medical, agricultural, meteorological, biological and other fields of study. They reach beyond the simplistic hydrological cycles usually addressed to the complexities encountered by rapidly-changing land-use patterns.
In addition to focusing on causes, effects, and remedies, Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution stresses reuse, recycling, and recovery of resources. Nature does not cause pollution. Through total recycling, we can, like nature, make resources out of wastes.

This work examines the environmental impact of tributyltin in marine systems. It also considers trace element contamination in Antarctic ecosystems and trace metals in Antarctica related to climate change and increasing human impact.

The Chernobyl disaster of April 1986 confronted Europe with an unprecedented, though not unforeseeable, environmental risk. This investigative analysis studies why key European countries responded in different ways to the nuclear disaster, and what can be learned from it. The author details why the accident was defined differently in various countries, why actions were or were not taken, and what was learned about the management of nuclear risk. Furthermore, Liberatore studies the short-term and long-term responses and consequences of Chernobyl not only in specific countries, but within the European Union as a whole. Liberatore also provides a policy communication model to illustrate the interaction among the key personnel in such incidents: the scientists, the politicians, the interest groups, and the mass media. The author's focus upon "uncertainty management" is an account for all those who seek to understand and improve the practical management of transboundary risks.

"Zero Emissions" has become a definitive term in the debate on sustainable development. While considered a utopian target by some, the concept describes what business and industry of the future must aim to achieve: no pollution and no waste. This volume presents findings from the research work of over 2000 scientists undertaken under the banner of ZERI (Zero Emissions Research Initiative), a business foundation working jointly with UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) in a number of developing countries. Gunter Pauli feels that if we are serious about creating jobs, generating more income and eliminating pollution, we have to build on the assets we have instead of continuing to analyze the problems we face. The volume examines how the adoption of Zero Emissions concepts not only reduces pollution and waste but can contribute significantly to the generation of income and jobs - specifically for those who need them most - the rural poor in less developed countries.

Among the many technological and legal efforts being made to restore our environment, electrostatic technologies may well hold the solution to the cleaning of air, water and soil. Such technologies include non-thermal plasma processing - electron beam irradiation, electrical discharge, hybrid plasma systems. The book also contains descriptions of the industrial implementation of the technology for NOx and SO2 removal using accelerated electrons. This technique has been implemented in three plants, built in China, Poland and Japan. Water pollution can be controlled and reduced by the use of ozone and UV irradiation. Soil pollution can be reduced by electrical methods and by using electrostatics to spray agricultural pesticides. Further articles cover the future of EHD systems in environmental protection, new aspects of ESD research, and industrial waste recycling technologies.

This book is not designed to be an exhaustive work on mine wastes. It aims to serve undergraduate students who wish to gain an overview and an understanding of wastes produced in the mineral industry. An introductory textbook addressing the science of such wastes is not available to students despite the importance of the mineral industry as a resource, wealth and job provider. Also, the growing imp- tance of the topics mine wastes, mine site pollution and mine site rehabilitation in universities, research organizations and industry requires a textbook suitable for undergraduate students. Until recently, undergraduate earth science courses tended to follow rather classical lines, focused on the teaching of palaeontology, cryst- lography, mineralogy, petrology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, and ore deposit geology. However, today and in the future, earth science teachers and students also need to be familiar with other subject areas. In particular, earth science curriculums need to address land and water degradation as well as rehabili- tion issues. These topics are becoming more important to society, and an increasing number of earth science students are pursuing career paths in this sector. Mine site rehabilitation and mine waste science are examples of newly emerging disciplines. This book has arisen out of teaching mine waste science to undergraduate and graduate science students and the frustration at having no appropriate text which documents the scienti?c fundamentals of such wastes.

The very survival of the planet is at risk: human misuse of natural resources and disturbance of natural environmental systems is pushing the Earth to the limits of its capacity. This text is a comprehensive introduction for environmental study, explaining how the environment functions, how environmental systems relate, and the ways in which people and environment interact. Focussing particularly on the environmental impacts of human activities, the book explains the ways in which an understanding of basic physical principles can help us to use the environment and its resources. Three particular approaches are adopted throughout: "a systems approach" - highlighting the interactions and interrelationships between the environment's diverse parts; "an interdisciplinary perspective" - stepping back from individual subject focus to examine the complex breadth of the environment's diversity; and "a global perspective" - incorporating stimulating examples drawn from around the world to illustrate broad global patterns and contrasts.

Until now, information regarding chemical spill clean-up was available only through manufacturer's literature from an individual firm, or scattered in the traditional textbooks on remediation engineering and hazardous waste management. Survey of Chemical Spill Countermeasures provides a one-stop source of information on how to clean up spill sites in safe, acceptable ways. Because of the ever-growing need to maintain constant vigilance over hazardous chemicals and potential leaks and spills, this reference will become an important source for the practicing environmental engineer and field technician.
Survey of Chemical Spill Countermeasures provides operators with useful information on how to clean up sites, including controlling leakage, containment of spills on land and water, and ways to safely transfer and store the contaminants. Additionally, the book includes up-to-date information on containment and treatment technologies, from dredging and vacuuming, to solid and vapor treatment systems.

The protection of groundwater resources has emerged in recent years as a high priority topic on the agenda of many countries. In responding to the growing concern over deteriorating groundwater quality, many countries are developing a comprehensive regulatory framework for the management of subsurface water resources with management referring to both quantity and quality aspects. Within this framework, groundwater models are rapidly coming to playa central role in the development of protection and rehabilitation strategies. These models provide forecasts of the future state of the groundwater aquifer systems and/or the unsaturated zone in response to proposed management initiatives. For example, models will predict the effects of implementing a proposed management scheme on water levels and on the transport and fate of pollutants. The models are now used in the formulation of policies and regulations, the issuing of permits, design of monitoring and data collection systems, and the development of enforcement actions. The growth in the use of these sophisticated tools has led to many unforeseen problems in groundwater management. Lingering issues include reliability of codes, quality assurance in model development and applications, efficient utiliza tion of human and material resources, technology transfer and training. Some issues have legal ramifications, as in cases where the applications of models have been contested in courts."

This work investigates the dichotomy between the notion of polluting cities and rural idyll. Examining the emergence of the farm pollution problem in Britain in the 1980s, the book traces the resulting change in public opinion leading to a new "moralizing" of the countryside. Drawing on research carried out amongst dairy farmers, National River Authority Pollution Inspectors, agricultural advisers and environmental campaigners, the author discusses whether it is unacceptable to pollute in a farming environment or merely an unfortunate side-effect of dairy production processes in the 1990s. The author examines issues such as effluents in the environment; farm pollution regulation in the 1970s and 1980s; pollution control; and risk and regulatory science.

This text covers the proceedings of the third International Symposium - TISAR 98, held in Amsterdam. Topics include: basin recharge; water management in arid regions; behaviour of pollutants; bank, basin, well and other types of recharge; and storage and recovery efficiency.

This book combines the results of current research with essential background material to provide complete, in-depth coverage of every aspect of in situ and ex situ bioremediation, as well as an extensive overview of the physical and chemical processes currently available for treating petroleum-contaminated soils. Critical information has been collected and assembled under one cover to provide a convenient reference for anyone who must contend with this worldwide problem.
Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils: Biological, Physical, and Chemical Processes describes how to optimize the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil-water systems. It reports on the susceptibility of various petroleum components to biodegradation by microorganisms, and considers all groups of microorganisms for their potential contributions. The book also deals with problem areas such as the transport of organisms, oxygen, or nutrients throughout the subsurface, as well as biodegradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). In addition, the book presents a variety of methods for monitoring bioremediation.
This reference discusses current soil remediation processes and includes many innovative approaches. It also investigates means of controlling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and leachate, and addresses methods for collecting and treating these secondary waste streams. The expansive coverage of this book will furnish readers with a wide range of options for developing treatment strategies and for customizing procedures for specific requirements.

This book tells the story of the polution-related activities of companies from the pulp and paper and electric utility industries. The authors trace the development of air and water pollution regulations, analyze pollution data obtained from the EPA offices filed by the companies, and examine the impact of companies' pollution performance on their economic performance. Specifically, the book conducts a comparative analysis of pollution performance of the companies over an eight-year period to evaluate whether the companies have been successful in reducing pollution emissions over this period and how far the pollution emission requirements of the environmental laws are being met, and whether the industries' fear that pollution abatement expenditures would negatively impact their economic performance has any validity.

After discussing the provisions and accomplishments of U.S. federal air and water pollution laws, the authors present a plant by plant analysis of air pollution performance for 1979 and 1987 for 109 plants from fifteen electric utility companies, and plant by plant water pollution analysis of fifteen pulp and paper companies. In addition, comparative analyses are presented for the electric utility companies by each air pollutant and by the total air pollution, and for pulp and paper companies for each water pollutant and for the total water pollution. On the basis of an overall pollution index, the authors rank the electric utilities and pulp and paper companies for air and water pollution respectively. The comparative analyses of different time periods demonstrate which companies improved their pollution-abatement performance. The impact of pollution performance on economic performance is addressed by the authors over the short as well as long term. On the basis of earlier research findings and economic theory, the authors hypothesize that there would be a negative economic impact in the short run, but in the long run, this negative impact would disappear. The real life data from companies support this general hypothesis. Finally, the authors relate their research findings to public policy issues and make recommendations for public policy on environmental pollution.

Presenting a comprehensive introduction to the nature of pollution, this text looks at its impacts on the environment, and the practical options and regulatory frameworks for pollution control. Sources of pollution, regulatory controls - including the role of authorities and precautionary and polluter pays principles - technological solutions, management and mitigation techniques and assessment tools, are examined in each key area: air, freshwater and marine pollution, contaminated land and radioactive substances. Illustrated with a range of case examples from the UK, Europe and worldwide, this book offers an up-to-date guide to both the principles and practice of pollution management.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides detailed review articles concerned with aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environment with toxicological considerations and consequences.