Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal
Feeding Operations: Transport in Water and Soil examines how
hormones, antibiotics and pharmaceuticals generated from
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) of cattle, poultry,
swine and aquaculture are transported in water and soil. Little is
known of the environmental fate of the tons of physiologically
active steroid hormones released each year. In their own regard, in
the last 20 years considerable attention has been given to a wide
variety of natural and anthropomorphic agents known as endocrine
disrupting compounds (EDCs). Until the contribution of steroid
hormones to the environment are better defined, it will be
difficult to quantify the exact impact of EDCs. While some advances
in the understanding of the fate of these compounds in water has
been made, little is known about the processes that govern their
transport in soil or how they eventually reach groundwater. As this
book discusses extensively, it is somewhat of a mystery how
steroids, with their lipophilic nature, strong binding to humic
acids and extensive metabolism by soil bacteria, can be transported
through even a few centimeters of soil, let alone 20 to 40 meters
to the groundwater. With respect to antibiotics, the emphasis is on
their fate and transport in the environment and on the emergence of
antibiotic resistant bacteria. Impacts on soil ecology, including
the impact of antibiotics on the metabolism of other active agents,
is also discussed. Similarly, the acaricides and insecticides used
in animal husbandry are widely used and their environmental
pathways have been studied and have significant impacts on soil and
dung ecology. Active compounds with potential environmental
impacts, such as growth promoters generated from CAFOs, are
described. However, because little is known of their environmental
fate, emphasis is placed on defining the gaps in our knowledge and
defining their possible effects.
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