Edited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information, this book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2007, held in Tbilisi, Georgia, in October 2007.

The 22 revised full papers included in the book were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous presentations given at the symposium. The focus of the papers is on the following topics: conceptual modeling of spatial relations, pragmatics and game theory, atypical valency phenomena, lexical typology, formal semantics and experimental evidence, exceptional quantifier scope, Georgian focussing particles, polarity and pragmatics, dynamics of belief, learning theory, inquisitive semantics, modal logic, coalgebras, computational linguistics of Georgian, type-logical grammar and cross-serial dependencies, non-monotonic logic, Japanese quantifiers, intuitionistic logic, semantics of negated nominals, word sense disambiguation, semantics of question-embedding predicates, and reciprocals and computational complexity.

The growing complexity of modern software systems increases the di?culty of ensuring the overall dependability of software-intensive systems. Complexity of environments, in which systems operate, high dependability requirements that systems have to meet, as well as the complexity of infrastructures on which they rely make system design a true engineering challenge. Mastering system complexity requires design techniques that support clear thinking and rigorous validation and veri?cation. Formal design methods help to achieve this. Coping with complexity also requires architectures that are t- erant of faults and of unpredictable changes in environment. This issue can be addressed by fault-tolerant design techniques. Therefore, there is a clear need of methods enabling rigorous modelling and development of complex fault-tolerant systems. This bookaddressessuchacuteissues indevelopingfault-tolerantsystemsas: - Veri?cation and re?nement of fault-tolerant systems - Integrated approaches to developing fault-tolerant systems - Formal foundations for error detection, error recovery, exception and fault handling - Abstractions, styles and patterns for rigorousdevelopment of fault tolerance - Fault-tolerant software architectures - Development and application of tools supporting rigorous design of depe- able systems - Integrated platforms for developing dependable systems - Rigorous approaches to speci?cation and design of fault tolerance in novel computing systems TheeditorsofthisbookwereinvolvedintheEU(FP-6)projectRODIN(R- orous Open Development Environment for Complex Systems), which brought together researchers from the fault tolerance and formal methods communi- 1 ties. In 2007 RODIN organized the MeMoT workshop held in conjunction with the Integrated Formal Methods 2007 Conference at Oxford University.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th Asian Symposium on Programming Languages and Systems, APLAS 2007, held in Singapore, in November/December 2007.

The 25 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 84 submissions. The symposium addresses all issues in programming languages and systems - ranging from foundational to practical issues. The papers focus on topics such as semantics, logics, foundational theory, type systems, language design, program analysis, optimization, transformation, software security, safety, verification, compiler systems, interpreters, abstract machines, domain-specific languages and systems, as well as programming tools and environments.

The best way to learn Rails is by creating a variety of applications with it.

You already know the basics of Rails, and you're familiar with the exciting features and benefits associated with using this Rubybased framework. You're now at the point where you need to gain firsthand experience with Rails by thoroughly exploring the features and building several different types of web applications.

Eldon Alameda takes a focused approach to guiding you through the creation of multiple real-world examples that are designed to get your hands dirty with the core features of Rails, while providing you with the valuable experience of creating real Rails applications.

Projects you'll work on include creating a simple blog with an external API, constructing a workout tracker with a RESTful interface and graphs, and converting an existing PHP site to Rails while adding an advanced JavaScript interface. As an added bonus, the final project makes use of the edge version of Rails as you build an application that utilizes Active Resource, which provides an opportunity to explore the various changes and features that will be included with Rails 2.0. Each project is designed to provide you with the necessary information and tools to give you a running start at solving that problem yourself, and each project includes a number of additional ideas and exercises for ways that you can extend each application to fit your own needs. What you'll learn Implementing caching options Developing applications the RESTful way Adding graphs to your Rails application Connecting to a legacy database Building generators to automate installation of common files Building an XML-RPC API into your Rails applications Who this book is for

This book is for anyone who has gone beyond the basics of Rails and wants to learn higher-level Rails techniques. It is also useful for those experienced in other disciplines (such as Java and PHP) who want to learn Rails.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Compiler Construction, CC 2009, held in York, UK, in March 2009 as part of ETAPS 2009, the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software.

Following a very thorough review process, 18 full research papers were selected from 72 submissions. Topics covered include traditional compiler construction, compiler analyses, runtime systems and tools, programming tools, techniques for specific domains, and the design and implementation of novel language constructs.

The International Conference on the Computer Processing of Oriental L- guages(ICCPOL)seriesishostedbytheChineseandOrientalLanguagesSociety (COLCS),aninternationalsocietyfoundedin1975.RecentICCPOLeventshave been held in Hong Kong (1997), Tokushima, Japan (1999), Seoul, Korea (2001), Shenyang, China (2003) and Singapore (2006). This volume presents the proceedings of the 22nd International Conference ontheComputerProcessingofOrientalLanguages(ICCPOL2009)heldinHong Kong, March 26-27, 2009. We received 63 submissions and all the papers went through a blind review process by members of the Program Committee. After careful discussion, 25 of them were selected for oral presentation and 15 for poster presentation. The accepted papers covered a variety of topics in natural language processing and its applications, including word segmentation, phrase and term extraction, chunking and parsing, semantic labelling, opinion mining, ontology construction, machine translation, information extraction, document summarization and so on. On behalf of the Program Committee, we would like to thank all authors of submitted papers for their support. We wish to extend our appreciation to the Program Committee members and additional external reviewers for their tremendous e?ort and excellent reviews. We gratefully acknowledge the Or- nizing Committee and Publication Committee members for their generous c- tribution to the success of the conference. We also thank the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP), the Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, the Department of Systems - gineering and Engineering Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and the Centre for Language Technology, Macquarie University, Australia for their valuable support.

This volume contains the proceedings of the 6th Asian Symposium on Progr- ming Languages and Systems (APLAS 2008), which took place in Bangalore, December 9 - December 11, 2008. The symposium was sponsored by the Asian Association for Foundation of Software (AAFS) and the Indian Institute of S- ence. It was held at the Indian Institute of Science, as part of the institute's centenary celebrations, and was co-located with FSTTCS (Foundations of So- ware Technology and Theoretical Computer Science) 2008, organized by the Indian Association for Research in Computer Science (IARCS). In response to the call for papers, 41 full submissions were received. Each submission was reviewed by at least four Program Committee members with the help of external reviewers. The ProgramCommittee meeting was conducted electronically over a 2-week period. After careful discussion, the Program C- mittee selected 20 papers. I would like to sincerely thank all the members of the APLAS 2008 Program Committee for their excellent job, and all the external reviewers for their invaluable contribution. The submission and review process was managed using the EasyChair system. In addition to the 20 contributed papers, the symposium also featured three invitedtalksbyDinoDistefano(QueenMary, UniversityofLondon, UK), Radha Jagadeesan (DePaul University, USA), and Simon Peyton-Jones (Microsoft - search Cambridge, UK). Many people have helped to promote APLAS as a high-quality forum in Asia to serveprogramminglanguageresearchersworldwide.Following a seriesof well-attendedworkshopsthatwereheldinSingapore(2000), Daejeon(2001), and Shanghai (2002), the ?rst ?ve formal symposiums were held in Beijing (2003), Taipei (2004), Tsukuba (2005), Sydney (2006), and Singapore (2007).

This book not only teaches the necessary skill set to become a proficient Ruby on Rails developer, it also explains the theory needed for the developer to explore and learn on their own. The reader will not be burdened by yet another set of "hello world" and other mundane examples. In this text they will learn Ruby on Rails by creating real world projects; a task manager, RSS aggregator, a community manager similar to MySpace.com, and an Amazon based store. While the book covers the basics for beginners, it also offers more advanced tools, including Ajax and a detailed discussion of ActiveRecord and ActionPack.

Object-Oriented Programming and Java presents two important topics in contemporary software development: object-oriented programming and Java. This book takes a different teaching approach from most available literature, it begins with the description of real-world object interaction scenarios and explains how they can be translated, represented and executed using object-oriented programming paradigm.

Principally, Java is an object-oriented programming language. By establishing a solid foundation in the understanding of object-oriented programming concepts and their applications, the book provides readers with the pre-requisites for writing proper object-oriented programs using Java.

Object-Oriented Programming and Java covers the latest in Java technologies and is suitable for undergraduate or postgraduate courses on object-oriented technology, and in particular, using Java as a programming language for creating object-oriented programs.

This volume constitutes the post-proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Implementation and Applications of Functional Languages. Fifteen full papers are presented. Each one was submitted to two rounds of reviews to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and readability. The papers address all current theoretical and methodological issues in functional and function-based languages.

The refereed post-proceedings of the International Workshop of the Types Working Group are presented in this volume. The 17 papers address all current issues in formal reasoning and computer programming based on type theory, including languages and computerized tools for reasoning; applications in several domains, such as analysis of programming languages; certified software; formalization of mathematics; and mathematics education.

This book will teach you how to build hand-crafted web pages the Web Standardistas way: using well-structured XHTML for content and CSS for presentation.

By embracing a web standards approach, you will hold the key to creating web sites that not only look great in all modern browsers, but also are accessible to a wide variety of audiences across a range of platformsfrom those browsing on everyday computers, to those accessing the Web on the latest emerging mobile devices.

Even if you're an absolute beginner in web design, this book will teach you how to build future-proof web pages the right way using easy-to-master tools which are, in most cases, free. Through 14 easy-to-follow chapters, we introduce you to the fundamentals of contemporary web design practice. Step by step we'll assemble well-structured XHTML webpages, which we'll then style using handcrafted CSS.

By the end of the book, you'll have a firm knowledge of the essentials of web design: everything you need to know to move forward in your lifelong journey as a Web Standardista.

To equip you on this noble quest, we've included enjoyable practical assignments at the end of each chapter. Embracing these challenges will not only teach you how to create great looking web sites that are the envy of your peers, but also equip you with an unrivaled knowledge of monkeys that journeyed to space and apes that starred in the moviesthe real stars of this book.

On completion of this book not only will you be able to create well-crafted web sites, but you will have earned the badge of a Web Standardista, proving your worth as a good citizen of the Web.

This volume contains papers presented at the 5th International Conference on ModelingDecisionsforArti?cialIntelligence(MDAI2008), heldinSabadell, C- alonia, Spain, October 30-31. This conference followed MDAI 2004 (Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain), MDAI 2005 (Tsukuba, Japan), MDAI 2007 (Tarragona, C- alonia, Spain), and MDAI 2008 (Kitakyushu, Japan) with proceedings also p- lished in the LNAI series (Vols. 3131, 3558, 3885, and 4617). The aim of this conference was to provide a forum for researchers to d- cuss the theory and tools for modeling decisions, as well as applications that encompass decision-making processes and information-fusion techniques. The organizers received 43 papers from 15 di?erent countries, from Asia, Europe, andAmerica,19ofwhicharepublishedinthis volume.Eachsubmission received at least two reviews from the Program Committee and a few external reviewers. We would like to express our gratitude to them for their work. The plenary talks presented at the conference are also included in this volume. TheconferencewassupportedbytheIIIA-CSIC, theUNESCOChairinData Privacy, theJapanSocietyforFuzzyTheoryandIntelligentInformatics(SOFT), the Catalan Association for Arti?cial Intelligence (ACIA), the European So- ety for Fuzzy Logic and Technology (EUSFLAT), the Spanish MEC (ARES - CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00004), and the City of Sabadell. July 2008 Vicen, c Torra Yasuo Narukawa Organization General Chair Vicen, c Torra, IIIA-CSIC, Catalonia, Spain Program Chairs Vicen, c Torra, IIIA-CSIC, Catalonia, Spain Yasuo Narukawa, Toho Gakuen, Japan Advisory Board L. Godo, J. Kacprzyk, S. Miyamoto, M. Sugeno, R. R. Yager Program Committee G. Beliakov, U. Bodenhofer, T. Calvo, J. Domingo-Ferrer, J. Dujmovic, B. H. Far, M. Grabisch, E. Herrera-Viedma, J. Herranz, K. Hirota, M. Inuiguchi,

Formal engineering methods are intended to o?er e?ective means for integ- tion of formal methods and practical software development technologies in the context of software engineering. Their purpose is to provide e?ective, rigorous, and systematic techniques for signi?cant improvement of software productivity, quality, and tool supportability. In comparison with formal methods, a distinct feature of formal engineering methods is that they emphasize the importance of the balance between the qualities of simplicity, visualization, and preciseness for practicality. To achieve this goal, formal engineering methods must be - veloped on the basis of both formal methods and existing software technologies in software engineering, and they must serve the improvement of the softwa- engineering process. ICFEM 2008 marks the tenth anniversary of the ?rst ICFEM conference, which was held in Hiroshima in 1997. It aims to bring together researchers and practitioners who are interested in the development and application of formal engineering methods to present their latest work and discuss future research directions. The conference o?ers a great opportunity for researchers in both formal methods and software engineering to exchange their ideas, experience, expectation and to ?nd out whether and how their research results can help advance the state of the art.

th The 13 edition of the International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies (Ada-Europe 2008) marked its arrival in Italy by selecting the splendid venue of Venice. It did so after having been hosted twice in Switzerland, Spain and the UK (Montreux for its inauguration in 1996 and Geneva in 2007; Santander in 1999 and Palma de Mallorca in 2004; London in 1997 and York in 2005), and having visited Sweden (Uppsala, 1998), Germany (Potsdam, 2000), Belgium (Leuven, 2001), Austria (Vienna, 2002), France (Toulouse, 2003) and Portugal (Porto, 2006). It was certainly high time that the conference came to Italy! The conference series, which is run and sponsored by Ada-Europe, chooses its yearly venue following two driving criteria: to celebrate the activity of one of its national member societies in a particular country, and/or to facilitate the formation, or the growth, of a national community around all aspects of reliable software technologies. The success of this year's conference, beside the richness of its technical and social program, will thus be measured by its lasting effects. We can only hope that the latter will be as good and vast as the former! Owing to the absence of a national society associated with Ada-Europe in Italy, the organization of the conference was technically sustained by selected members of the Board of Ada-Europe, its governing body, with some invaluable local support.

Constraint programming supports a great ambition for computer programming: the one of making programming essentially a modeling task, with equations, constraints, and logicalformulas. This ?eld emerged in the mid-1980sborrowing conceptsfromlogicprogramming, operationsresearch, andarti?cialintelligence. Its foundation is the use of relations on mathematical variables to compute with partial information systems. The successes of constraint programming for so- ing combinatorial optimization problems in industry or commerce are related to the advances made in the ?eld on new constraint propagationtechniques and on declarativelanguageswhich allowcontrolonthe mixing of heterogeneousreso- tiontechniquessuchasnumerical, symbolic, deductive, andheuristictechniques. This volumecontainsthe papers selectedfor the post-proceedingsof the12th International Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Progr- ming (CSCLP 2007) held during June 7-8, 2008 in Rocquencourt, France. This workshop, open to all, was organized as the 12th meeting of the working group onConstraintsofthe EuropeanResearchConsortiumfor Informaticsand Ma- ematics (ERCIM), continuing a series of workshops organized since the creation of the working group in 1997. A selection of papers of these annual workshops have been published since 2002 in a series of books which illustrate the evo- tion of the ?eld, under the title "Recent Advances in Constraints"in the Lecture Notes in Arti?cial Intelligence series. This year, there were 16 submissions, most of them being extended and - vised versions of papers presented at the workshop, plus some new papers. Each submission was reviewed by three reviewers. The Program Committee decided to accept ten papers for publication in this book.

Visual Basic 2005 has established itself over the last twelve months as the language of choice for first-time developers moving onto the .NET 2.0 Framework. The language's clear syntax and helpful user-friendly features naturally appeal to developers just starting out on their coding careers.

This book is designed to help this large audience of emerging talents during their first few years in the industry. It is packed with solutions to the common problems that professionals in the field encounter day-in day-out. The book collates these problems and explains their available solutions providing the reader with a succinct explanation of the issues they are facing and a break-down of how the problem can be solved. A complete fully-working code sample is provided for each recipe to put the reader's development back on track.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Logics in Artificial Intelligence, JELIA 2008, held in Dresden, Germany, Liverpool, in September/October 2008.

The 32 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 98 submissions. The papers cover a broad range of topics including belief revision, description logics, non-monotonic reasoning, multi-agent systems, probabilistic logic, and temporal logic.

This amply illustrated book is about building some of Leonardo da Vinci's most famous inventions with LEGO's breathtaking robot technology, the LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT. In this book, you will revive such fascinating devices as the flying machine, the aerial screw, the revolving bridge, the double leaf spring catapult, and the armored carfive centuries after their creation by the great Renaissance engineer. Using some of the most advanced programming environments for the NXT, you will make robots that work, move, and respond the way Leonardo intended his original inventions to do 500 years ago.

By engineering the LEGO models contained in this, book you will not only become acquainted with the MINDSTORMS NXT technology, but also with strategies to build advanced robots with NXT and to program them using different state-of-the-art NXT programming languages such as NXT-G, NXC, RobotC, pbLua, and leJOS NXJ.

For all five robots, historical background information is provided. Detailed high-quality step-by-step building instructions, as well as an elaborate guide for each single program enable both the inexperienced LEGO user as well as the NXT aficionado to become acquainted with the art of producing marvelous NXT creations and make use of many sophisticated features of the NXT.

This book will unleash the creative powers that slumber in everyone and combine them with the pure joy of playing. But beware: you might be surprised by the stupendous results this combination is apt to spawn.

Jean-Pierre Jouannaud has deeply influenced, and is still influencing, research in Informatics, through the many important results he has produced in various research fields and through the generations of scholars he has educated. He has played a leading role in field of rewriting and its technology, advancing the research areas of unification, rewriting and completion modulo, conditional rewriting, termination proofs, modular properties, and automated proofs by induction in rewrite theories. Following his strong interest for algebraic specification languages and their efficient implementation, Jean-Pierre Jouannaud has contributed to the design, semantics and implementation of OBJ2 and has recently augmented the Maude rewriting logic system with an essential feature: membership equational logic. He was a member of the CNU (National University Council) and a member of the CNRS national committee. He is now heading with great success the computer science laboratory at the Ecole Polytechnique thus showing his exceptional qualities as a research team manager and supervisor of students.

This Festschrift volume, published to honor Jean-Pierre Jouannaud on his 60th Birthday on May 12, 2007, includes 13 refereed papers by leading researchers, current and former colleagues, who congregated at a celebratory symposium held in Cachan near Paris, France, on June 21-22, 2007. The papers are grouped in thematic sections on Rewriting Foundations, Proof and Computation, and a final section entitled Towards Safety and Security.

Ruby has set the world on fire, proving itself a serious challenger to Perl and Python in all spheres. In particular, more and more people are discovering that Ruby's flexibility, superb feature set, and gentle learning curve make it a natural choice for system administration tasks, from the humblest server to the largest enterprise deployment.

Within the pages of Practical Ruby for System Administration, you'll learn the Ruby way to construct files, tap into clouds of data, build domain-specific languages, perform network traffic analysis, and more.

Based on author Andre Ben Hamou 's own experiences working as a system administrator, this book will help you pick up practical tips on Ruby coding style, learn how to analyze and improve script performance, and make use of no-nonsense advice on scripting workflow, including testing and documentation.

Above all, you'll come to appreciate the sheer power of Ruby and the hundreds of benefits it offers for system administration.This book places equal emphasis on fundamental Ruby concepts as well as practical how-tos. It uses examples from other languages to ease the transition to Ruby. The book is concise, entertaining, and informativeunlike many books aimed at system administrators, which can be overly long and stodgy.

When processing text files, the awk language is ideal for handling data extraction, reporting, and data-reformatting jobs. This practical guide serves as both a reference and tutorial for POSIX-standard awk and for the GNU implementation, called gawk. This book is useful for novices and awk experts alike. In this thoroughly revised edition, author and gawk lead developer Arnold Robbins describes the awk language and gawk program in detail, shows you how to use awk and gawk for problem solving, and then dives into specific features of gawk. System administrators, programmers, webmasters, and other power users will find everything they need to know about awk and gawk. You will learn how to: Format text and use regular expressions in awk and gawk Process data using awk's operators and built-in functions Manage data relationships using associative arrays Define your own functions "Think in awk" with two full chapters of sample functions and programs Take advantage of gawk's many advanced features Debug awk programs with the gawk built-in debugger Extend gawk by writing new functions in C or C++ This book is published under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Royalties from the sales of this book go to the Free Software Foundation and to the author.

Providing an easy introduction to the boundary element method, this book is ideal for any reader wishing to work in this field or use this method for the solution of engineering problems. From the beginning, the emphasis is on the implementation of the method into computer programs which can be used to solve real problems. The book covers two-andthree-dimensional linear and non-linear analysis in potential flow (heat flow and seepage) and static elasticity. Several computer programs are listed in the book and may be downloaded free of charge via the Internet. They include programs and subroutines for:

• 2-D analysis of potential problems using the Trefftz method
• 2-D and 3-D linear analysis of potential and static elasticity problems using isoparametric elements (single and multiple regions)
• implementation of non-linear problems
• coupling to finite elements

These proceedings contain most of the papers that werepresented at the Second International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications (LATA 2008), held in Tarragona, Spain, during March 13-19, 2008. The scope of LATA is rather broad, including: words, languages and - tomata; grammars (Chomsky hierarchy, contextual, multidimensional, uni?- tion, categorial, etc. );grammarsandautomataarchitectures;extendedautomata; combinatorics on words; language varieties and semigroups; algebraic language theory; computability; computational, descriptional, and parameterized c- plexity;decidability questions onwordsandlanguages;patterns andcodes;s- bolic dynamics; regulated rewriting; trees, tree languages and tree machines; term rewriting; graphs and graph transformation; power series; fuzzy and rough languages; cellular automata; DNA and other models of bio-inspired comp- ing; quantum, chemical and optical computing; biomolecular nanotechnology; automata and logic; algorithms on automata and words; automata for s- tem analysis and program veri?cation; automata, concurrency and Petri nets; parsing; weighted machines; transducers; foundations of ?nite state technology; grammatical inference and algorithmic learning; text retrieval, pattern mat- ing and pattern recognition; text algorithms; string and combinatorial issues in computationalbiologyandbioinformatics;mathematicalevolutionarygenomics; language-based cryptography; data and image compression; circuits and n- works; language-theoretic foundations of arti?cial intelligence and arti?cial life; digital libraries; and document engineering. LATA 2008 received 134 submissions. Each of them was reviewed by at least three Program Committee members plus, in most cases, by additional external referees. After a thorough and vivid evaluation phase the committee decided to accept 40 papers (which means an acceptance rate of 29. 85%

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems, FMOODS 2007, held in Paphos, Cyprus in June 2007.

The 17 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. The papers are organized in topcical sections on model checking rewriting logic components and services algebraic calculi specification, verification and refinenment, and quality of service.