The Cleaning and Disinfection handbook is aimed at those working within the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors around the world, as well as providing valuable information for students and for the general reader. The book provides comprehensive detail on different types of disinfectants and their modes of action; explains the problems of microbial destruction and resistance; introduces cleaning techniques and the latest safety regulations; expounds upon the application of cleaning within healthcare and pharmaceutical environments, noting current national and international standards. The book also provides guidance on disinfectant efficacy testing. Assembled by expert practitioners, the book balances theoretical concepts with sound practical advice, and is likely to become the definitive text on keeping contamination in control within clean areas and controlled environments. With this second edition, the book is fully updated in line with the latest standards and regulations.

In colonial times few Americans bathed regularly; by the mid-1800s, a cleanliness "revolution" had begun. Why this change, and what did it signify? "It is the author's ability to appreciate and represent the almost tactile circumstantiality of life that makes Foul Bodies so special-and so readable."-Charles E. Rosenberg, author of Our Present Complaint: American Medicine, Then and Now "Brown has framed an intriguing new area of research and gathered a surprisingly rich source of textual evidence. Marvelous."-Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, author of A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 A nation's standards of private cleanliness reveal much about its ideals of civilization, fears of disease, and expectations for public life, says Kathleen Brown in this award-winning cultural history. Starting with the shake-up of European practices that coincided with Atlantic expansion, she traces attitudes toward "dirt" through the mid-nineteenth century, demonstrating that cleanliness-and the lack of it-had moral, religious, and often sexual implications. Brown contends that care of the body is not simply a private matter but an expression of cultural ideals that reflect the fundamental values of a society. The book explores early America's evolving perceptions of cleanliness, along the way analyzing the connections between changing public expectations for appearance and manners, and the backstage work of grooming, laundering, and housecleaning performed by women. Brown provides an intimate view of cleanliness practices and how such forces as urbanization, immigration, market conditions, and concerns about social mobility influenced them. Broad in historical scope and imaginative in its insights, this book expands the topic of cleanliness to encompass much larger issues, including religion, health, gender, class, and race relations.

This book tells you,in a nutshell,everything you need to know to have good teeth,plus all the common but unexpected things that also cause tooth damages,and dentists never had time to explain.Easy to read and includes over 100 coloured illustrations.It's based on almost 2 decades of clinical experience encountering unnecessary problems suffered by patients often through unawareness. Good general knowledge inspires adopting good habits and exercising cautions which form the first-line of health preservation.After reading this book you will know the 10 KEY CAUSES OF TOOTHACHES AND TOOTH LOSSES and realize that dental problems are avoidable. Knowledge is power and the relentless pursuit of happiness begins with perfect health. THIS BOOK EXPLAINS: 1. 10 KEY CAUSES OF TOOTHACHES AND TOOTH LOSSES. 2. 20 "GOLDEN DAILY PRECAUTIONS". 3. 4 VITAL PREVENTION MEASURES for children in Preventive Dentistry. 4. TOOTH REPAIR METHODS,materials and treatment options. 5. TOOTH REPLACEMENTS,dentures to implants 6. How losing teeth can ACCELERATE AGING. 7. BRACES. 8. FLUORIDE. 9. Achieving the most beautiful smile with Cosmetic Dentistry,from Tooth Bleaching,Veneers,Crowns,to tooth reshaping. 10. Brushing and flossing. 11. Dental plaque, tartar. 12. How to achieve THE PERFECT SMILE From business to social,a beautiful and radiant smile showing nice teeth is a charm-point and a "million dollar asset" every person can attain. The attractive smile you wear on your face is your image and is often photographed.It's distinctive, friendly,delightful,graceful and radiates joy.Good-looking teeth can remarkably enhance any given face.The appearance of your front teeth are so critical that if they were seriously flawed or missing, you couldn't leave home With advancing age,eating well becomes fundamentally important.Good teeth preserves youth,provides the sense of well being and quality of life. Great smiles enhances your attractiveness, glamour, popularity, confidence, self-esteem,sex-appeal,social life and success. Celebrities depend heavily on their perfect smiles. A SMILE OPENS DOORS.

Did food poisoning play a role in the Salem witch trials, leading to the hanging of nineteen men and women? Which poison recently laced the food of Russian ex-KGB agent Viktor Litvinenko, and how did it kill him? In Death in the Pot, internationally renowned food expert Morton Satin documents several culinary mishaps and misdeeds in an engrossing narrative that spans the ancient world to the present day. Historic events both tragic and bizarre have resulted from adulterated food. In the fifth century BCE, the great plague of Athens, probably caused by contaminated cereals, led to the defeat of the Athenians in the Peloponnesian War. In the prescientific Middle Ages, illnesses resulting from contaminated food were often attributed to the wrath of God or malevolent spirits. Heavily infectious ergot induced a spasmodic muscle condition, which the Church named "St. Anthony's Fire" and interpreted as retribution by God on heretics. Similarly, in seventeenth-century America the hallucinogenic symptoms of moldy grain were thought by Puritans to be signs of witchcraft. Even the madness of King George III, which played a role in the American Revolution, may have been induced by accidental arsenic poisoning. In the twentieth century, Satin recounts the efforts of modern industrial societies to make food safer; in some cases these efforts were heroic. For example, in the early days of the Food and Drug Administration a "Poison Squad" was formed, consisting of young scientists who willingly acted as guinea pigs to test the toxic effects of chemical additives. Today, the government has focused on the hazards of food bioterrorism. Satin concludes by describing measures taken to protect the public from intentional and unintentional poisoning, as well as recounting recent poisoning incidents. Both a fascinating glimpse into history from a unique angle and an authoritative reference work on food safety, Death in the Pot offers entertaining and informative reading for laypersons as well as experts in food technology and public health.

Epidemiology has long played a critical role in investigating outbreaks of foodborne illness and in identifying the microbial pathogens associated with such illness. Epidemiologists were the detectives who would track down the guilty culprit- the food vehicle carrying the pathogen, as well as the fateful errors that resulted in contamination or multiplication of pathogens. The first book of its kind, this volume describes the various ways epidemiologic principles are applied to meet the challenges of maintaining a safe food supply. It addresses both the prevention and control of food borne illness. Starting with a history and background of food borne illness, the book continues by describing the means of following up on an outbreak and measuring exposures. The book concludes by describing the regulatory context that shapes food safety activities at the local, national and international levels. Chapters are written by leaders in the field of public health and food safety, including experts in epidemiology, microbiology, risk assessment, economics, and environmental health and policy. This is the definitive book for students, researchers and professionals interested in how epidemiology plays a role in keeping our food safe.

This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.

Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare, Second Edition, enables users to obtain detailed knowledge of decontamination practices in healthcare settings, including surfaces, devices, clothing and people, with a specific focus on hospitals and dental clinics.

From pre-historic grooming rituals to New Age medicine, from ascetics to cosmetics, Clean looks at how different cultures have interpreted and striven for personal cleanliness and shows how, throughout history, this striving for purity has brought immense social benefits as well as great tragedies.
Looking at human history through the lens of public baths, lavatories, laundry, teeth cleaning, cosmetics, food storage and panty liners, Virginia Smith here combines archeology, psychology, biology, and other fields to illuminate our modern obsession cleanliness. She peppers her entertaining account with engaging and often surprising details. The book reveals, for instance, that even at the earliest stages of human development, our bodies produced pleasure-giving chemical opiates when things smelled or felt clean, inducing us to bathe or at least remove dirty clothes. She describes how, during the Bronze Age, an emerging hierarchy of wealthy elites turned their love of grooming into an explosion of the cosmetic and luxury goods industry, greatly affecting the culture and economy of Eurasia and leading to advances in chemistry and medicine. Likewise, in Greece and Rome, citizens focused much of their leisure time on perfecting, bathing, or just writing about the model athletic body. Even today, our enlightened medical knowledge could not stop an onslaught of health remedies, treatments, spas, and New Age nature cures--all in the pursuit of purity.
This engrossing and highly original work will introduce you to the customs and ideas of a myriad of cultures across centuries of human history, providing a marvelous new perspective on the importance of cleanliness to humancivilization.
"Utterly engaging."
--New York Times
"An authoritative and fascinating account of how hygiene has transformed societies and how, sometimes, humanity's attempts to scrub up can backfire."
--New Scientist

Nicotine has been developed as a medication to assist smoking cessation, and is being considered as a possible drug for long-term maintenance of non-smoking. It is also undergoing evaluation as a possible treatment for several medical disorders, including ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, spasticity, and sleep apnea. Understanding its safety and toxitity is essential for drug developers, drug regulators, and clinicians making risk/benefit decisions about long-term nicotine therapy. Research on nicotine toxicity is also relevant to ongoing research on tobacco and health aimed at understanding the role of nicotine in contributing to tobacco-induced diseases. This book reviews the current scientific understanding of the safety and toxicity of nicotine. The discussion ranges from chemistry, studies in animals and human experimental research to the results of large clinical trials. Among the topics covered are cardiovascular disease, cancer, reproductive toxicity (including fetal toxicity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), behavioral toxicity (including abuse liability and addiction to nicotine medication), and gastrointestinal disease. Finally, contributions explore the risks and benefits of nicotine as a medication. The authors are world-renowned experts on their respective topics. No other book addresses nicotine toxicity in the depth or breadth of this volume. A book on the cutting edge of contemporary public health discourse, Nicotine Safety is an up-to-date and lucid overview of current knowledge on the subject. It will be a necessary addition to the bookshelves of clinicians with an interest in tobacco and health, drug developers and researchers, pharmacologists and toxicologists, public health researchers and policy-makers.

This book examines mortality rates for African-Americans in selected U.S. urban areas in relation to both social class and the degree of black-white residential segregation. Mortality rates for African-American infants and young adults are shown to be especially high in certain highly-segregated areas. The findings will foster the development of the "epidemiology of American apartheid", a new field of research that has relevance to social and health policy. The intended audience includes sociologists (especially medical sociologists) who are likely to be familiar with segregation but not with its potential relevance to the health of African-Americans. Epidemiologists have recently turned to the study of racism and health, but epidemiologic studies have not dealt specifically with black-white segregation and health. Psychologists interested in racism are important potential collaborators with sociologists and epidemiologists in studies of the epidemiology of racial difference in health. Readers working in social policy and health policy areas, including urban issues, should also find relevant material. This work fits within the framework of Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal's thesis that the American creed of equality of opportunity remains unfulfilled.

Chronic diseases and premature death can often be linked to social, environmental, and behavioral factors that are subject to modification, especially during adolescence when many habits--both good and bad--are formed. In order to effectively encourage good health-related behaviors among adolescents, health providers need an integrated understanding of the many factors involved. This volume fills that need by providing the most comprehensive, up-to-date review of the pertinent issues, including in-depth discussions on adolescent sexuality, substance abuse, the future of adolescent health promotion, and the relationship between socioeconomic status and health-related behaviors. The outstanding group of contributors represents a wide variety of disciplines and offers proven techniques and approaches that can help future adults enjoy longer, safer, more productive lives. With an emphasis on practical solutions, Promoting the Health of Adolescents will be of value to health and social scientists, health care providers, educators, and administrators who plan and implement programs for adolescent health.

The new edition of this established and highly respected text is THE definitive reference in its field. It details methods for the elimination or prevention/control of microbial growth, and features: * New chapters on bioterrorism and community healthcare * New chapters on microbicide regulations in the EU, USA and Canada * Latest material on microbial resistance to microbicides * Updated material on new and emerging technologies, focusing on special problems in hospitals, dentistry and pharmaceutical practice * Practical advice on problems of disinfection and antiseptics in healthcare * A systematic review of sterilization methods, with uses and advantages outlined for each * Evaluation of disinfectants and their mechanisms of action with respect to current regulations The differences between European and North American regulations are highlighted throughout, making this a truly global work, ideal for worldwide healthcare professionals working in infectious diseases and infection control.

Presents the latest research in the control of foodborne pathogens. Emphasizes traditional and emerging techniques as well as current applications for the inactivation of microorganisms to reduce illness and enhance food safety and quality.

Throughout the world, injuries are the leading cause of death during more than half of the average life span. This book documents the nature and magnitude of the problem and provides basic approaches to injury prevention. Injury statistics are given for many developing countries and indigenous populations as well as industrialized nations. Important differences among countries and cultures in types and circumstances of injury are illustrated in a tables and figures that enhance the book's usefulness. The many types of injuries covered in detail include those related to traffic, occupation, disasters, drowning, falls, burns, suicide, and homicide. The cost and health impacts of injury are discussed as well as the role of health services. The authors describe surveillance methods and effective preventive measures that are applicable even in countries with limited resources. This book has been written for public health practitioners and researchers as well as policy makers. Reflecting the author's many years of injury prevention experience in a variety of countries, the book will help readers understand this major health problem, the changes that could reduce it, and the means of influencing crucial public policies.

This is a unique, in-depth discussion of the uses and conduct of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) as decision-making aids in the health and medical fields. The product of over two years of deiberation by a multi-disciplinary Public Health Service appointed panel that included economists, ethicists, psychometricians, and clinicians, it explores cost-effectiveness in the context of societal decision-making for resource allocation purposes. It proposes that analysts include a "reference-case" analysis in all CEA's designed to inform resource allocation and puts forth the most expicit set of guidelines (together with their rationale) ever outlined of the conduct of CEAs. Important theoretical and practical issues encountered in measuring costs and effectiveness, valuing outcomes, discounting, and dealing with uncertainty are examined in separate chapters. These discussions are complemented by additional chapters on framing and reporting of CEAs that aim to clarify the purpose of the analysis and the effective communication of its findings. Primarily intended for analysts in medicine and public health who wish to improve practice and comparability of CEAs, this book will also be of interest to decision-makers in government, managed care, and industry who wish to consider the roles and limitations of CEA and become familiar with criteria for evaluating these studies.

As screening programs for HIV, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, genetic abnormalities and other risk factors continue to proliferate, difficult questions are continually raised concerning the psychological and behavioral effects on the participants. Although members of the public health community have debated the costs and benefits of screening programs for over three decades, these questions have become especially pertinent with the current emphasis on early disease detection and prevention. While advocates argue that risk notification provides the impetus for individuals to improve their health habits and seek early treatment, skeptics contend that risk screening can have an adverse labeling effect, leading to increased anxiety, work absenteeism, and fatalism.
Now, for the first time, the widely scattered body of research on the effects of risk factor screening is comprehensively reviewed and evaluated in this volume. Here, an internationally recognized group of expert contributors summarizes and discusses current knowledge about the psychosocial consequences of risk factor testing, taking into account individual differences, gender differences, risk status, and intervention strategies. Both the public health and behavioral science viewpoints are explored through up-to-date reviews and stimulating commentary. Bridging the gap between data, theory and public health policy, this volume is essential reading for researchers, professionals and policymakers concerned with the prevention of acute and chronic disease.

This ground-breaking Crown book is back in a new edition with all the latest findings about dangerous foods and what consumers can do to protect themselves.