The public debate over civilian use of drones is intensifying. Variously called "unmanned aircraft systems", "unmanned aerial vehicles", "remotely piloted aircraft", or simply "drones", they are available for purchase by anyone for a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. They have strikingly useful capabilities. They can carry high-definition video cameras, infrared imaging equipment, sensors for aerial surveying and mapping. They can stream their video in real time. They have GPS, inertial guidance, magnetic compasses, altimeters, and sonic ground sensors that permit them to fly a preprogrammed flightplan, take off and land autonomously, hover and orbit autonomously with the flick of a switch on the DRone Operator's ("DROPs") console. The benefits they can confer on law enforcement, journalism, land-use planning, real estate sales, critical infrastructure protection and environmental preservation activities are obvious. However, their proliferation in response to these demands will present substantial risks to aviation safety. How to ensure the safety of drone operations perplexes aviation regulators around the world. They are inexpensive consumer products, unsuited for traditional requirements for manned aircraft costing hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars and flown only by licensed pilots who have dedicated significant parts of their lives and their wealth to obtaining licenses. Regulatory agencies in Europe and Asia are ahead of US regulators in creating spaces for commercial use. Over the next several years, legal requirements must be crystallized, existing operators of helicopter and airplanes must refine their policy positions and their business plans to take the new technologies into account, and all businesses from the smallest entrepreneur to large conglomerates must decide whether and how to use them. Domesticating Drones offers rigorous engineering, economics, legal and policy theory and doctrine on this important and far-reaching development within aviation.

In den internationalen Umweltbeziehungen herrscht seit der Rio-Konferenz von 1992 Einigkeit daruber, dass Staaten erst ab einem bestimmten Entwicklungsstand vereinbarte Umweltverpflichtungen erfullen koennen. Dies hat zu dem Konzept der "gemeinsamen, aber unterschiedlichen Verantwortlichkeiten" gefuhrt, das der ungleichen Befahigung der Industriestaaten einerseits und der Entwicklungslander andererseits zur wirksamen Beteiligung am Schutz der globalen Umwelt Rechnung tragen will. Es wirkt sich vor allem in unterschiedlichen Umweltschutzverpflichtungen fur die verschiedenen Staatengruppen sowie in der Gewahrung von Erfullungshilfe zugunsten der Entwicklungslander, aus. Die Autorin beantwortet insbesondere die Frage, inwieweit die Vertragsstaaten der modernen multilateralen Umweltschutzubereinkommen diesem Konzept folgen und es in konkrete Massnahmen umsetzen.

This handbook is a reference work providing a comprehensive, objective and comparative overview of Space Law. The global space economy reached $330 billion in 2015, with a growth rate of 9 per cent vis-a-vis the previous year. Consequently, Space Law is changing and expanding expeditiously, especially at the national level. More laws and regulations are being adopted by space-faring nations, while more countries are adapting their Space Laws and regulations related to activities in outer space. More regulatory bodies are being created, while more regulatory diversity (from public law to private law) is being instituted as increasing and innovative activities are undertaken by private entities which employ new technologies and business initiatives. At the international level, Space Law (both hard law and soft law) is expanding in certain areas, especially in satellite broadcasting and telecommunications. The Routledge Handbook of Space Law summarises the existing state of knowledge on a comprehensive range of topics and aspires to set the future international research agenda by indicating gaps and inconsistencies in the existing law and highlighting emerging legal issues. Unlike other books on the subject, it addresses major international and national legal aspects of particular space activities and issues, rather than providing commentary on or explanations about a particular Space Law treaty or national regulation. Drawing together contributions from leading academic scholars and practicing lawyers from around the world, the volume is divided into five key parts: * Part I: General Principles of International Space Law * Part II: International Law of Space Applications * Part III: National Regulation of Space Activities * Part IV: National Regulation of Navigational Satellite Systems * Part V: Commercial Aspects of Space Law This handbook is both practical and theore

Space policy is at the cutting edge of current EU policy developments and is a fascinating object of study, involving multiple and diverse actors. It is also an original and contemporary lens for studying European policy-making. This book explores advances in European space policy and their significance for European integration. Using a 'framing' methodology, it addresses central questions in European studies in order to form an interdisciplinary bridge between current research in space policy and contemporary European political studies. It assesses the interests of EU institutions in space and how these institutions perceive space policy. Furthermore, it demonstrates that space is a cross-cutting policy domain affecting a diverse range of EU policy fields, such as security, transport and migration, and underpinning the 21st century European and global economy. In doing so, this volume firmly locates space policy in the field of European Studies. This innovative volume will be of key interest to students and scholars of a range of policy areas including common foreign and security policy, technology policy, transport policy, internal market policies, environmental policy, development aid and disaster-risk management, as well as the EU institutions.

The core structure of the regulatory regime for international civil aviation (the 'Chicago System') is inter-national. The features of the Chicago System were designed in an era when the world's airlines were State-owned, and the most pressing international concerns were for navigation and safety regulation. Economic liberalization and intense globalization since the Second World War have impacted on the industry; today, it is global. This book observes the developing governance of global aviation, taking into account the concepts of sovereignty, jurisdiction and territoriality, and the proliferation of actors and participants as partners in a global public policy network, to posit that an upgraded system of global governance for civil aviation helps to explain the emerging complex landscape for global governance of civil aviation. As evidence of the emerging, complex matrix of governance of global aviation, this book identifies and reviews a selection of contemporary, transnational economic and environmental challenges facing the globalized aviation sector, e.g. fair competition safeguards, consumer protection, noise pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and the respective 'legal' and policy actions taken at national level (United Arab Emirates, Qatar and People's Republic of China), regional level (the European Union) and international level (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and International Civil Aviation Organization). The book concludes that economic and environmental regulation of international aviation, designed for an inter-national world of yesterday, evolves into global governance of aviation, which is more suited for today's global world. This book will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners of aviation law, competition law and environmental law, as well as in the areas of transnational law, global governance and international relations.

Francis Lyall and Paul B. Larsen have been involved in teaching and researching space law for over 50 years. This new edition of their well-received text gathers together their knowledge and experience in readable form, and covers developments in all space applications, including space tourism, telecommunications, the ITU and finance. With an extensive citation of the literature, the discussion provides an excellent source for both students and practitioners.

Die Autoren verfugen uber langjahrige Erfahrungen mit der Grundung und dem Aufbau von Niederlassungen in den USA. Sie vereinen die Sichtweisen von Handelsattache, Rechtsanwalt und Unternehmensberater und garantieren damit eine ausfuhrliche Darstellung und Analyse der verschiedenen Aspekte einer erfolgreichen Unternehmensgrundung in den USA. Zu den Kernthemen zahlen Strategieentwicklung und Geschaftsplanung, Personalfragen sowie Steuer- und Rechtsangelegenheiten. Checklisten und Fallbeispiele helfen, kostenintensive Fallen beim Start-up in den USA zu vermeiden.

The objective of this commentary is to explain the provisions of the Montreal Convention in a succinct and concise manner for the daily practice. The history of the Montreal Convention and of the Warsaw Convention serves as important sources for interpretation. The commentary also takes into account the continental-European and US-American case law regarding the liability of air carriers for damage to passengers or goods as well as sources of European Community legislature. The commentary also considers the various ways in which countries implement the air carrier's insurance obligation. In addition to the Montreal Convention, the Montreal Convention Implementation Act, the European Council Regulation on air carrier liability in the event of accidents, the European Council Regulation on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights as well as the European Council Regulation on insurance requirements for air carriers and aircraft operators are presented and explained.

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are aircraft that do not carry a pilot aboard, but instead operate on pre-programmed routes or are manually controlled by following commands from pilot-operated ground control stations. Unauthorised UAS operations have, in some instances, compromised safety. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 directed FAA to take actions to safely integrate UASs into the national airspace. In response, FAA developed a phased approach to facilitate integration and established test sites among other things. This book addresses the status of FAA's progress toward safe integration of UASs into the national airspace; research and development support from FAA's test sites and other resources; and how other countries have progressed toward UAS integration into their airspace for commercial purposes.

In the popular imagination, space is the final frontier. Will that frontier be a wild west, or will it instead be treated as the oceans are: as a global commons, where commerce is allowed to flourish and no one country dominates? At this moment, nations are free to send missions to Mars or launch space stations. Space satellites are vital to many of the activities that have become part of our daily lives-from weather forecasting to GPS and satellite radio. The militaries of the United States and a host of other nations have also made space a critical arena-spy and communication satellites are essential to their operations. Beginning with the Reagan administration and its attempt to create a missile defense system to protect against attack by the Soviet Union, the U.S. military has decided that the United States should be the dominant power in space in order to protect civilian and defense assets. In Heavenly Ambitions, Joan Johnson-Freese draws from a myriad of sources to argue that the United States is on the wrong path: first, by politicizing the question of space threats and, second, by continuing to believe that military domination in space is the only way to protect U.S. interests in space. Johnson-Freese, who has written and lectured extensively on space policy, lays out her vision of the future of space as a frontier where nations cooperate and military activity is circumscribed by arms control treaties that would allow no one nation to dominate-just as no one nation's military dominates the world's oceans. This is in the world's interest and, most important, in the U.S. national interest.

Selbstverteidigung und kollektive Sicherheit reprasentieren gegenlaufige Ordnungsmodelle der internationalen Beziehungen und des Voelkerrechts - eine an den Einzelstaaten orientierte Ordnung steht einer Konzeption gegenuber, die primar auf staatengemeinschaftlichen Institutionen basiert. Die daraus notwendigerweise resultierende Spannung ist von Art. 51 UN-Charta nicht eindeutig geloest worden. Die in dem Buch unternommene Analyse von Charta und Staatenpraxis zeigt jedoch, dass das gegenwartige Voelkerrecht dem kollektiven System grundsatzlich Vorrang einraumt. Der UN-Sicherheitsrat kann das Selbstverteidigungsrecht der Staaten weitgehend einschranken; dies selbst dann, wenn dadurch Staaten in existentielle Gefahr geraten koennen. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt die stark fortgeschrittene Konstitutionalisierung des Voelkerrechts wider, es legt aber auch eine Revision der Grundlagen des Voelkerrechts nahe.

Die Vereinten Nationen durch drei Jahrzehnte wissenschaftlich-publizistisch, aber auch politisch so loyal zu begleiten, wie dies mein Munchner Kollege Peter 1. Opitz getan hat, setzt ein bewundernswertes Mass an Idealismus, Optimismus, aber auch Leidensfahigkeitvoraus. Diese Eigenschaften sind vonnoten, nicht nur um mit der Organisation einiger massen gegenuber Angriff und Missbrauch von aussen standhaft zu bleiben, son dern auch um mit dem Bild fertig zu werden, wie die hehren Ziele und Grundsatze der Charta der Vereinten Nationen in der Praxis der Organisation in (allzu) kleine Munze gewechseltwerden. Dennoch mussten die Vereinten Nationen, um eine beliebte Phrase zu strapa zieren, erfunden werden, wenn es sie denn nicht schon gabe: Sie sind nach wie vor die einzige internationale Organisation, die politisch alle Staaten der Erde zur Ver folgung ebenso umfassender Ziele vereint und so spiegelt sie die Realitat der heu tigen Welt wider, ob uns das Spiegelbild nun erschreckt oder freut - das Bild nicht nur einer vertrauten, gemutlichen Umgebung, sondern auch erschreckender, be drohlicher Wirklichkeiten. Damit beruhren wir das Thema des vorliegenden Bandes, die globalen Heraus forderungen. Sie zu definieren und Wege zu ihrer Bewaltigung zu beschreiben, hat seit langem den markantesten Schwerpunkt im wissenschaftlichen Werk von Peter 1. Opitz gebildet. Damit nimmt er einen prominenten Platz in der Reihe deutsch (sprachig)er Politikwissenschaftler und Volkerrechtler ein, welche die Beschafti gung mit den VereintenNationen der Muhe wert finden."

The Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law is the first book to incorporate a comprehensive analysis of Public Aviation Law - principally international, but also domestic law in a comparative context - in a single volume. International Law is pervasive in Aviation Law, and is incorporated into a number of major multilateral treaties (e.g., the Chicago Convention of 1944, for Public International Air Law). This is supplemented by various Annexes (promulgated by the International Civil Aviation Organization) and Conventions and Protocols (promulgated by States in diplomatic conferences). States then implement these international obligations in domestic laws that create aviation regulatory administrations that, in turn, promulgate regulations. Bringing together leading scholars in the field, this prestigious reference work provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of Public Aviation Law. It surveys the state of the discipline including contemporary and emerging areas of law, regulation, and public policy in air transportation. Each chapter begins with an overview of the international law applicable to the subject matter, followed, where appropriate, by a comparative examination of domestic statutes, regulations, and jurisprudence. The objective of the book is to identify and summarize existing areas within the context of international research, and to identify and highlight emerging areas. Both practical and theoretical in scope, the Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law will be of great relevance to scholars, researchers, lawyers, and policy makers with an interest in aviation law.

Against the backdrop of enormous technological strides, this book argues that the air transport industry must be constantly vigilant in its efforts to employ a legal regime that is applicable to the aeronautical and human aspects of the carriage by air of persons and goods. In this regard, safety and security are of the utmost importance, both in terms of safe air navigation and the preservation of human life. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) addresses legal issues through its Legal Committee, many emerging issues that urgently require attention lie outside the Committee's purview. This book analyzes in detail the items being considered by ICAO's Legal Committee, considers the legal nature of ICAO, and discusses whether or not ICAO's scope should be extended. Since the limited issues currently addressed by ICAO do not reflect the rapidly changing realities of air transport, the book also covers a broad range of key issues outside the parameters set by ICAO, such as: the need to teach air law to a new generation of aviation professionals; combating cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism; the regulation of artificial intelligence; traveller identification; interference with air navigation; human trafficking; unruly passengers; climate change; air carrier liability for passenger death or injury; Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (drones); and the cabin crew and their legal implications.

This book analyses the ability of existing international law to address common vulnerabilities in connection with the recent emergence of small satellites, and how finding consensus in this context can pave the way to the sustainable development of space. The rise of small satellite constellations has produced a paradigm shift in the use of space capabilities, suddenly making them far more available and affordable. This development has in turn sparked substantial global interest in finding ways to capitalize on the new opportunities and to mitigate the challenges posed by these mega-constellations. This work targets precisely that need, offering a valuable asset for readers from the commercial space industry, investors, lawyers, researchers, academics and policymakers alike.

In 1944 the Chicago Convention set out the foundations of public international law regulating international air transport, but until 2016 no international agreement existed to limit its environmental impact. Sustainable Development, International Aviation, and Treaty Implementation explains why the CORSIA scheme, adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization in 2016, should be implemented in 2020 even though the adequacy of this scheme is still open to doubt and criticism. This book seeks to examine the many dimensions of the effort to contain greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft in a manner consonant with the principles of sustainable development, and examines the development of international law and policy in an area that has remained largely outside the general framework of international environmental law. International civil aviation is a significant polluter of the atmosphere, and in this volume, a group of air law and sustainable development law specialists considers how the international community can respond.

In 1944 the Chicago Convention set out the foundations of public international law regulating international air transport, but until 2016 no international agreement existed to limit its environmental impact. Sustainable Development, International Aviation, and Treaty Implementation explains why the CORSIA scheme, adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization in 2016, should be implemented in 2020 even though the adequacy of this scheme is still open to doubt and criticism. This book seeks to examine the many dimensions of the effort to contain greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft in a manner consonant with the principles of sustainable development, and examines the development of international law and policy in an area that has remained largely outside the general framework of international environmental law. International civil aviation is a significant polluter of the atmosphere, and in this volume, a group of air law and sustainable development law specialists considers how the international community can respond.

Progress in exploration and exploitation of outer space is proceeding rapidly, resulting in new space telecommunication services, innovative use of the constellation of satellite and new methods of prolonging the life of those satellites. In response, this book offers an analysis of outer space activities and the resulting legal implications. It offers a dual perspective. Firstly it looks at developments in international law, such as the regulation of non-GEO constellations, on-orbit services and in the field of space mining. Secondly, the book explores the developments on the African continent. Specifically it examines the growing need of space services in the area of mobile communications via satellites, internet access, Earth observations, disaster management, and navigation. This is an important contribution to one of the most exciting and fast moving fields in law today.

The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law provides an introduction to, and demystification of, the private and public dimensions of international aviation law. Unlike other global sectors, the air transport industry is not governed by a discrete area of the law, but by disparate transnational regulatory instruments. Everything from the routes that an international air carrier can serve to the acquisition of its fleet and its liability to passengers and shippers for incidents arising from its operations can be the object of bilateral and multilateral treaties that represent diverse and often contradictory interests. Beneath this are hundreds of domestic regulatory regimes that also apply national and international rules in disparate ways. The result is an agglomeration of legal cultures that can leave even experienced lawyers and academics perplexed. By combining classical doctrinal analysis with insights from newer disciplines such as international relations and economics, the book maps international aviation law's complex terrain for new and veteran observers alike.

Der Band dokumentiert zwei zusammenhangende Tagungen, bei denen die zentralen Probleme des Allgemeinen und Besonderen Teils des am 01.09.1998 in Kraft getretenen kodeks karny diskutiert wurden. Die Analyse der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Strafgesetzbuchern der beiden Lander ist vor allem deshalb lohnend, weil die neue polnische Kodifikation einerseits durch eine grundlegende Liberalisierung zu einer Annaherung der Regelungen gefuhrt hat, andererseits aber auch durchdenkenswerte eigenstandige Bestimmungen uber aktuelle Probleme enthalt, deren Regelung im deutschen Strafgesetzbuch noch fehlt. Die Referate stammen u.a. von den polnischen Strafrechtswissenschaftlern, die die einzelnen Abschnitte des kodeks karny federfuhrend mitgestaltet haben."

There is considerable writing on the laws designed to regulate war, but most of this material is devoted to international wars between different states. Lindsay Moir examines the laws which exist to protect civilians caught up in armed conflicts within a single state. This book traces the development of international law from the nineteenth century, up to events arising from the conflicts in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. It demonstrates how human rights can offer protection during armed conflict and how effectively (and by whom) the relevant rules can be enforced.