The impact of the US defense and space initiatives on bilateral and multilateral treaties and on international outer space law in general, a topic of much current discussion, is better understood by an analysis of the development of that body of law. Col Delbert "Chip" Terrill Jr. discusses its early evolution and the Air Force contribution to it. He describes the Air Force's ad hoc approach to international outer space law and its efforts to have this approach adopted by the United States and the international community. Further, the author details the profound impact that the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 had on President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He vowed never again to allow the US to be similarly vulnerable to a surprise attack, particularly in a nuclear environment. As part of his efforts to preclude a surprise attack on the United States, Eisenhower sought to establish the concept of free passage of intelligence gathering satellites as part of accepted international outer space law. The author traces how the Eisenhower administration demonstrated a lack of concern about being first in space so long as the concept of free passage in outer space was universally accepted. However, the administration apparently and clearly underestimated the propaganda value that being first would have. Colonel Terrill traces how the Eisenhower administration failed to fully communicate its policy goal of achieving such free passage to the uniformed services. Although civilian leaders in the Defense Department were aware of the administration's position, the Air Force and the other military services at times acted at cross purposes to the concept of free passage. Chip Terrill describes the Air Force's continued efforts to resist the passage of most international outer space law conventions, the restiveness of the Air Force judge advocate general (JAG) corps with a backseat role, and how the JAG generally failed in its early attempt to have the Air Force become proactive in the development of the law. Ironically, Terrill illustrates how the Air Force's ad hoc approach essentially dovetailed with Eisenhower's goal of free passage. Colonel Terrill relates how the Air Force's Project West Ford caused the passage of certain environmentally sensitive provisions of international outer space law. The author closes by examining the comment and coordination process leading to the passage of the Liability for Damages Convention. Such was typical of the Air Force's lukewarm, reactive posture regarding the passage of international conventions, except for the Agreement on Rescue and Return of Astronauts, which the Air Force strongly supported. In short, this superb work documents the interesting gestation period regarding the development of international outer space law. It will undoubtedly contribute to the development of Air Force doctrine by providing a better understanding of the Air Force's involvement in the development of international outer space law.

First published in 1998 as volume 8 in the NASA "Monograph in Aerospace History" series. This study contains photographs and illustrations.

Dr. Berg P. Hyacinthe (PhD, Florida State University; LLD Candidate, Assas School of Law, CERSA-CNRS, La Sorbonne) is internationally recognized as an eminent and multidisciplinary scientific investigator. A U.S. patent holder featured in Harvard's Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System, Dr. Hyacinthe recently served as Assistant Professor and Scientific Advisor to Taibah University's Strategic Science & Advanced Technology Unit. Dr. Hyacinthe held several positions at County and State levels of the U.S Government in the Information Technology arena. He has been featured in conferences held at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey (author); Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham (invited session Chair); and National Defence College, Helsinki (session Chair). In CYBER WARRIORS AT WAR, he draws on the triangular relationship between technology, law, and Information Age warfare to propose solutions against potential charges of having committed Information Operations (IO) war crimes and/or IO crimes against humanity. According to Dr. Hyacinthe, the success of pre-emptive strikes and decisive military operations depends profoundly upon both reliable human intelligence and the versatile skills of 21st century "cyber warriors" whose IO activities are conducted through modern warfare's pentagonal synchrony - land, sea, air, cyberspace, and outer space. Unfortunately, these operations are commonly effectuated under a legal reasoning that is ambiguous in important ways: a threat to the national security of the United States of America and to the entire international community. Hence, as this Essay argues, the evolution of modern computer systems as weapons of war compels wary jurists to turn to the laws that should govern development and use of lethal information technologies. Further, this Essay examines how certain military operations within Information Warfare (IW) require new legal framework, and recounts specific events involving various types of IW conduct and cyber attack: an interesting expose to jurists, military personnel, policymakers, and the growing and diverse body of information professionals around the world.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

The Moon Treaty establishes a number of basic legal principles for the use and exploitation of extraterrestrial material; thus it would have a profound impact on how and when men first use these materials. This official publication of the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation contains a historical perspective and analysis of the treaty and a collection of useful documents pertinent to the treaty, as well as the full text of the treaty.

Management Development Series No. 23 The message for managers to draw from this volume is that international labour standards need not be viewed as constraints or encroachments on managers in the exercise of their functions, but rather as a helpful source of practical and profitable information and guidance. The volume seeks to make the international labour standards understandable to practising managers by explaining the meaning and aim of international labour Conventions and Recommendations in a number of fields. It covers standards on the recognition of trade unions and other workers' representatives, and on dealing with them through collective bargaining and various forms of consultative and participatory machinery. Attention is also given to the standards which touch on the personnel function and on human resources management, such as recruitment and selection, training, grievance procedures and termination of employment, and to standards on more general conditions of employment, such as wages, hours, leave and holidays, safety, health and the environment of the enterprise.

The potential use of space for military purposes has, since the end of the Second World War, been intrinsically linked to the development of space technology and space flight. The political relevance of outer space continues to be recognised by nations, particularly the strategic benefit of Earth observation from outer space as a national security tool. However, the dual-use potential of many space applications increasingly blurs the distinction between the military and non-military uses of space. In fact, many States have openly declared their willingness to protect their space assets by military means and some have even described outer space as a war-fighting domain. Non-State entities are becoming more and more involved in outer space activities, including the use of satellites for navigation purposes, the transportation of supplies to the International Space Station and the offering of tourist flights into outer space. Private operators have significantly increased activity in the launch of satellites and in 2021 no less than three private space companies (Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin and SpaceX) conducted successful space tourist flights. Today in all space-faring countries, the space industry contributes to national GDP and supports the labour force. It also serves as a catalyst for technological advancement and productivity growth, and has become an integral part of the day-to-day lives of people around the world. Consequently, the socio-economic benefits of space technology (in particular satellite technology) have made the development of space programmes an increasing necessity for developing States. Outer space has become a congested environment. The involvement of private actors, specifically, has given rise to a number of legal issues, including questions pertaining to liability, insurance, space debris, human rights and property rights in space. To address these legal uncertainties, the existing chapters in the second edition of Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice have been updated significantly and several new chapters have been added dealing with topical issues including: the regulation of satellite navigation systems, and satellite constellations; the application of human rights in outer space settlements; the exploration and colonisation of outer space; and planetary protection. The second edition of Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice remains aimed at readers looking for a single title to understand the key issues relevant to the space sector, by also emphasising the practical application of those issues. The book will be specifically relevant to legal practitioners, academics and State departments primarily working in the space arena, as well as to those in other related sectors such as IT and media, insurance and political science. Edited by Yanal Abul Failat, lawyer at the international law firm Fasken, and Professor Anel Ferreira-Snyman, a professor of law specialising in international space law at the University of South Africa, the book includes contributions by leading experts from space agencies, space venturers, lawyers, economists, insurers, academics and financiers.

Estado de derecho, crecimiento econmico y prosperidad Informe elaborado por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Estado de Derecho de la Americas Society y del Council of the Americas. El respeto del estado de derecho es un requisito bsico para fomentar el desarrollo comercial y generar un crecimiento econmico estable y de amplio alcance. Brinda a los emprendedores y pequeos empresarios la confianza para ingresar en la economa formal y es esencial para el desarrollo de todo un pas. Por esa razn, durante los dos ultimos aos, la Americas Society y el Council of the Americas reunieron representantes del sector privado, abogados en ejercicio, acadmicos y representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales para analizar las reformas y los pasos a seguir con el fin de mejorar el estado de derecho en todo el hemisferio. Reunindose en Nueva York, Washington, San Pablo y ciudad de Mxico, el grupo de trabajo consider cuatro aspectos del estado de derecho que son indispensables para lograr un crecimiento de vasto alcance: .La administracin de justicia; .El marco regulatorio para negocios e inversiones; .El uso de mtodos alternativos de resolucin de conflictos y el cumplimiento de contratos (incluyendo la cancelacin de crditos en procedimientos concursales); y .La proteccin de los derechos sobre bienes tangibles y de propiedad intelectual. Bajo la direccin de Antonia Stolper y Mark Walker-ambos expertos legales de Amrica Latina-esta iniciativa y el informe de trabajo sirven como dilogo permanente con sus interlocutores en las Amricas. Mejorar el estado de derecho exige un enfoque multi-factico que es factible de lograr si se cuenta con un compromiso y apoyo ms amplios.

Este estudio aborda el desarrollo historico e ideologico del Derecho Penal Internacional, que es aquella disciplina que regula las siguientes materias: la determinacion de los delitos internacionales y el establecimiento de los tribunales oportunos para castigar a los culpables. La obra parte de pensadores y juristas como Lieber, George Washington Williams, Moyner o Lemkin, pasa por las Guerras Mundiales, Vietnam, las dictaduras militares argentina y chilena, los conflictos de Yugoslavia, Ruanda y Sierra Leona, y llega a la Corte Penal Internacional de Roma.

Aerospace law is seeing a gradual merger between the two previously isolated regimes of human conduct pertaining separately to air and to space law. The use of information technology is arguably the foremost compelling force responsible for the unity of the aviation and space activities of man. It is therefore inevitable that information technology, computer law and the laws pertaining to State and individual responsibility are inextricably intertwined in a net of legal issues which would emerge in this new millennium. Frontiers of Aerospace Law introduces such issues as challenges to be addressed, both as corollaries and concomitants to this fundamental and overriding trend in the merger between air and space law. The issues range in space from legal liabilities pertaining to extra-terrestrial intelligence; environmental pollution in outer space; conduct of persons in outer space; to cyber crimes affecting outer space activities; and in air law, issues such as aircraft noise; economic trends of airports and air navigation services; funding for aviation safety projects; and emergent aero-medical issues and privacy of airline pilots. Its recommendations are geared to look future reality directly in the face and find legal solutions. In the realm of public international law, remedial measures are almost non-existent in the field of aerospace law, except for a solid foundation given to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization to hear disputes between States on matters relating to civil aviation, a facility which has so far scarcely been used in the Organization's 55 year old history. Apart from a few provisions in the various space law conventions, there is no single coherent settlement mechanism at space law. The increasingly rapid proliferation of space activities in the coming years and their diversity leave no room for doubt that new laws will have to be put into place and new mechanisms to combat problems will have to be carefully thoug