Tribology of Polymer Composites: Characterization, Properties, and Applications provides an exhaustive overview of the latest research, trends, applications and future directions of the tribology of polymer composites. Covering novel methods for the synthesis of polymer composites and their properties, the book starts by reviewing the fabrication techniques, wear and frictional properties of polymer composite materials. From there, it features chapters looking at the tribological behavior and properties of specific polymer composite materials such as synthetic fiber-reinforced, cellulose fiber-reinforced, wood fiber, synthetic fiber, mineral fiber-reinforced, and thermosetting composites. Final chapters cover the tribology of polymer nanocomposites and particulate polymer composites and their metal coatings. Applied examples spanning a wide range of industries are emphasized in each chapter.

Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Combination Drugs focuses on the role of nanocarriers in the delivery of combination drugs for the management and treatment of various diseases. Nanocarriers belonging to the category of polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, lipidic nanocarriers (like nanoemulsions), liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers are now being used in the drug delivery of combination drugs. This book helps readers assimilate all the information available surrounding the application of various nanocarrier technologies for the delivery of combination drugs of synthetic and natural origin, including small and large molecules. This is an important reference source for pharmaceutical scientists and biomaterials scientists who are looking to gain an increased understanding on how nanotechnology is improving the efficiency of combination drug delivery.

Biogenic Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics outlines the synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles to become cancer theranostic agents. The book also discusses their cellular interaction and uptake, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, drug delivery efficiency, and other biological effects. Additionally, the book explores the mechanism of their penetration in cancerous tissue, its clearance, and its metabolism. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo toxicological effects of biogenic nanoparticles are discussed. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and biomedical scientists who are looking to increase their understanding of how biogenic nanoparticles are being used for a range of cancer treatment types. Metal nanoparticles have traditionally been synthesized by classical physico-chemical methods which have many drawbacks, such as high energy demand, high cost and potential ecotoxicity. As a result, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is gaining increasing prominence. Biosynthesis approaches to metal nanoparticles are clean, safe, energy efficient and environment friendly.

Advances in Sustainable Polymer Composites reviews recent scientific findings on the production and use of sustainable polymers and composites as innovative new materials. The book discusses the importance of sustainable polymers in terms of current practices and how to address environmental and economic issues. Attention is focused on the physical, chemical and electrical properties of these composites. The book also looks at the lifecycle of both single and hybrid polymers and nanocomposites, with chapters covering the latest research findings on sustainable polymer composites with various filler loadings and their improvement on compatibility. From the viewpoint of polymer composites, this book covers not only well-known sustainable future trends in sustainable polymers and composites, but also advanced materials produced from micro, nano and pico-scale fillers that achieve better physical and mechanical results.

Fundamentals and Applications of Supercapacitor 2D Materials covers different aspects of supercapacitor 2D materials, including their important properties, synthesis, and recent developments in supercapacitor applications of engineered 2D materials. In addition, theoretical investigations and various types of supercapacitors based on 2D materials such as symmetric, asymmetric, flexible, and micro-supercapacitors are covered. This book is a useful resource for research scientists, engineers, and students in the fields of supercapacitors, 2D nanomaterials, and energy storage devices. Due to their sub-nanometer thickness, 2D materials have a high packing density, which is suitable for the fabrication of highly-packed energy supplier/storage devices with enhanced energy and power density. The flexibility of 2D materials, and their good mechanical properties and high packing densities, make them suitable for the development of thin, flexible, and wearable devices.

Rising consumer demand for low power consumption electronics has generated a need for scalable and reliable memory devices with low power consumption. At present, scaling memory devices and lowering their power consumption is becoming more difficult due to unresolved challenges, such as short channel effect, Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), and sub-surface punch-through effect, all of which cause high leakage currents. As a result, the introduction of different memory architectures or materials is crucial. Nanomaterials-based Charge Trapping Memory Devices provides a detailed explanation of memory device operation and an in-depth analysis of the requirements of future scalable and low powered memory devices in terms of new materials properties. The book presents techniques to fabricate nanomaterials with the desired properties. Finally, the book highlights the effect of incorporating such nanomaterials in memory devices. This book is an important reference for materials scientists and engineers, who are looking to develop low-powered solutions to meet the growing demand for consumer electronic products and devices.

Terahertz Biomedical and Healthcare Technologies: Materials to Devices reviews emerging advances in terahertz biomedical and healthcare technologies, including advances in fundamental materials science research, device design and fabrication, applications, and challenges and opportunities for improved performance. In addition, the improvement of materials, optical elements, and measuring techniques are also explored. Other sections cover the design and development of wide bandgap semiconductors for terahertz device applications, including their physics, device modeling, characterization and fabrication concepts. Finally, the book touches on potential defense, medical imaging, internet of things, and the machine learning applications of terahertz technologies.

3D Printing in Medicine and Surgery: Applications in Healthcare is an advanced book on surgical and enhanced medical applications that can be achieved with 3D printing. It is an essential handbook for medical practitioners, giving access to a range of practical methods, while also focusing on applied knowledge. This comprehensive resource features practical experiments and processes for preparing 3D printable materials. Early chapters cover foundational knowledge and background reading, while later chapters discuss and review the current technologies used to engineer specific tissue types, experiments and methods, medical approaches and the challenges that lie ahead for future research. The book is an indispensable reference guide to the various methods used by current medical practitioners working at the forefront of 3D printing applications in medicine.

Laser Annealing Processes in Semiconductor Technology: Theory, Modeling and Applications in Nanoelectronics synthesizes the scientific and technological advances of laser annealing processes for current and emerging nanotechnologies. The book provides an overview of the laser-matter interactions of materials and recent advances in modeling of laser-related phenomena, with the bulk of the book focusing on current and emerging (beyond-CMOS) applications. Reviewed applications include laser annealing of CMOS, group IV semiconductors, superconducting materials, photonic materials, 2D materials. This comprehensive book is ideal for post-graduate students, new entrants, and experienced researchers in academia, research and development in materials science, physics and engineering.

Metal oxide nanomaterials exhibit interesting electrical and photochemical properties because of their size, stability, and high surface area that render them as great choices in fabricating alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and sensor applications. The hybridization of metal oxides with other materials lead to the improvement in electrical conductivity, stability, and electron transfer kinetics during the electrocatalytic reactions. These key factors result in greater sensitivity of the sensor materials towards the analyte molecules. This book reviews the electrochemical determination of a variety of toxic chemical contaminants using metal oxide-based nanocomposite materials. Ultrasensitive and selective detection of toxic chemical contaminants is important and demanding, especially for monitoring and controlling environmental pollution. In recent years, metal oxide-based nanocomposite materials have shown high potential in the electrochemical detection of heavy metals, inorganic anions, phenolic compounds, pesticides, and chemical warfare reagents. Metal Oxides in Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Toxic Chemicals comprehensively reviews this topic. In addition to the instrumental simplicity, the electrochemical methods show the improved sensor performance through the synergetic effect of metal oxide and other electroactive nanomaterial present in the nanocomposite. Thus, detailed information on the electrochemical sensing of toxic chemical contaminants using metal oxide-based nanomaterials are discussed. The recent progress in developing electrochemical sensors using metal oxide-based nanocomposite materials and perspectives on future opportunities in sensor research and development are addressed in the book.

Durability of Composite Systems meets the challenge of defining these precepts and requirements, from first principles, to applications in a diverse selection of technical fields selected to form a corpus of concepts and methodologies that define the field of durability in composite material systems as a modern discipline. That discipline includes not only the classical rigor of mechanics, physics and chemistry, but also the critical elements of thermodynamics, data analytics, and statistical uncertainty quantification as well as other requirements of the modern subject. This book provides a comprehensive summary of the field, suited to both reference and instructional use. It will be essential reading for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists and engineers and all those working in the design, analysis and manufacture of composite material systems.

Techno-Economic Challenges of Green Ammonia as an Energy Vector presents the fundamentals, techno-economic challenges, applications, and state-of-the-art research in using green ammonia as a route toward the hydrogen economy. This book presents practical implications and case studies of a great variety of methods to recover stored energy from ammonia and use it for power, along with transport and heating applications, including its production, storage, transportation, regulations, public perception, and safety aspects. As a unique reference in this field, this book can be used both as a handbook by researchers and a source of background knowledge by graduate students developing technologies in the fields of hydrogen economy, hydrogen energy, and energy storage.

Polymer-Based Separators for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Production, Processing, and Properties takes a detailed, systematic approach to the development of polymer separators for lithium-ion batteries, supporting the reader in selecting materials and processes for high-performance polymer separators with enhanced properties. The book begins by introducing the polymeric materials that may be used for separators, as well as characterization techniques, before presenting the available technologies used to produce separators for use in lithium-ion batteries. Each technology is discussed in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen approach, with the properties of the separators made via each technology also summarized and compared in detail. In addition, areas for further development are addressed, and the limitations of current materials and separators in achieving those goals are highlighted. This is a valuable resource for scientists and engineers in the industry who work on polymer-based battery separators, polymers for electronic/energy applications, and new materials and processes for lithium-ion batteries. In academia, this book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students across the fields of polymer science, materials science, electronics, energy, and chemical engineering.

The greatest benefits of nanoscale additive manufacturing lie in biomedicine, smart devices/sensors, energy harvesting, aerospace, and manufacturing. This book explores the recent applications of functionalized nanomaterials-based additive manufacturing to benefit different manufacturing domains, including design and process aspects, as well as outlining major application areas. This book summarizes recent progress of functionalized nanomaterials-based additive manufacturing on both an experimental and a theoretical model level. Though nanomaterials can be fabricated by bottom-up and top-down approaches (techniques include lithography, photolithography, and micro-machining), the applications of additive manufacturing processes are increasing at an exponential rate and therefore, the demand for high-performance materials has been greatly increasing. Recent applications covered in this book include biomedicine, aerospace, automobile, waste recycling, and energy storage devices. Environmental, regulatory and safety issues are also discussed. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers who are seeking to improve their understanding of how functionalized nanomaterials are playing an increasingly important role in the additive manufacturing process.

The textile industry is focused in its search for alternative green fibres with the aim of providing high-quality products which are fully recyclable and biodegradable. Natural textile materials from renewable sources play an increasingly important role in the industry due to their unique properties and functionality over synthetic fibres, as well as their sustainability. Fundamentals of Natural Fibres and Textiles covers all the fundamental and basic information about natural fibres and textiles. Many different fibres are covered from their origin, through processing, properties, and applications. The latest methods for characterisation and testing of natural fibres are all addressed with reference to cutting-edge industry trends. This uniquely comprehensive approach to the topic provides the ideal entry point to natural fibres for textile and clothing scientists, engineers, designers, researchers, students, and manufacturers of such products.

Nanotechnology for Rural Development is designed to present nanotechnology-based solutions to the challenges faced by rural populations, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. The book focuses on agriculture, biomass management, food processing and water management, in terms of its purification and decontamination. The treatment of wastewater and the harnessing of renewable energy are also covered. In addition, the book deals with the application of nanotechnology in the areas of consumer goods, such as textiles, ceramics, food processing and packaging, and other related spheres. The book provides information on the green synthesis of nanomaterials, using prevalent natural resources and their applications for textiles, ceramics, portiere, and food packaging. It also addresses low-cost solutions using materials such as biomass waste for water purification and decontamination. For example, lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into nutrient adsorbents, energy, fuel and storage. Above all, it protects agriculture crops from insects and other pests, and produces quality products in high yields. This volume offers insight into the intricacies of the problems faced by large populations living in rural areas, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. It also discusses the natural renewable resources available locally and how nanotechnology can best use them to increase the quality and yield of agricultural products, as well as how to engage the population, specifically women, in gainful productive activities.

The textile industry is focused in its search for alternative green fibres with the aim of providing high-quality products which are fully recyclable and biodegradable. Natural textile materials from renewable sources play an increasingly important role in the industry due to their unique properties and functionality over synthetic fibres, as well as their sustainability. Antimicrobial Textiles from Natural Resources is an in-depth guide to the latest methods and applications of natural antimicrobial materials. A broad range of applications are addressed, from common to specialized applications, including many in the biomedical sector. This world-class collection of contributors write from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, providing important insights from textile science and technology, materials science, chemical engineering, and biomedical engineering. Advice and proposed solutions are presented in a rigorous and practical way, drawing on results and case studies obtained from academic and industrial laboratories worldwide.

Nano-Optics: Fundamentals, Experimental Methods, and Applications offers insights into the fundamentals and industrial applications of nanoscale light-emitting materials and their composites. This book serves as a reference, offering an overview of existing research, with a particular focus on industrial applications. Nano-optics is the branch of nanoscience and nanotechnology that deals with interaction of light with nanoscale objects. This book explores the materials, structure, manufacturing techniques, and industrial applications of nano-optics. The applications discussed include healthcare, communication, astronomy, and satellites.

Hybrid Atomic-Scale Interface Design for Materials Functionality covers a broad range of atomistic, meso and macro scale computational methodologies, including multiphase (hybrid) materials constructs for tailoring structural, thermal and electrical properties. As future materials are expected to perform with increasing efficiency in complex and dynamic environments hybrid materials design, in contrast to monolithic concepts, they are a cost-effective alternative. Taking materials hybridization at smaller scale, even at atomic scale, offers exceedingly high-payoff opportunities for optimizing materials functionality at reduced material consumption and even reduced qualification costs (eliminates many costly component and system level qualification tests).

Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) Guidelines: Technical Guide for Managing CUI, Third Edition, Volume 55 builds upon the success of the first two editions to provide a fully up-to-date, practical source of information on how to monitor and manage insulated systems. In the first edition of this book published in 2008, the EFC Working Parties WP13 and WP15 engaged together to provide guidelines on managing CUI with contributions from a number of European refining, petrochemical, and offshore companies. The guidelines were intended for use on all plants and installations that contain insulated vessels, piping, and equipment, and cover a risk-based inspection methodology for CUI, inspection techniques, and recommended best practices for mitigating CUI. The guidelines include design of plant and equipment, coatings and the use of thermal spray techniques, types of insulation, cladding/jacketing materials, and protection guards. Corrosion-under-insulation (CUI) refers to the external corrosion of piping and vessels that occurs underneath externally clad/jacketed insulation as a result of the penetration of water. By its very nature CUI tends to remain undetected until the insulation and cladding/jacketing is removed to allow inspection, or when leaks occur. CUI is a common problem shared by the refining, petrochemical, power, industrial, onshore and offshore industries.

Constitutive Modeling of Engineering Materials provides an extensive theoretical overview of elastic, plastic, damage, and fracture models, giving readers the foundational knowledge needed to successfully apply them to and solve common engineering material problems. Particular attention is given to inverse analysis, parameter identification, and the numerical implementation of models with the finite element method. Application in practice is discussed in detail, showing examples of working computer programs for simple constitutive behaviors. Examples explore the important components of material modeling which form the building blocks of any complex constitutive behavior.