This follow-up to the first volume presents an integrated survey of the most recent research, engineering development and commercial application of amorphous and microcrystalline semiconductor devices, with emphasis on materials properties and their relationship to performance. A complete guide to the past, present and future of these devices, and a reference on the state-of-the-art of amorphous and microcrystalline devices in modern large-area microelectronics.

Recent technological advances have created a "testing crisis" in the elctronics industry - smaller, more highly integrated electronic circuits and new packaging techniques make it increasingly difficult to physically access test nodes. New testing methods are needed for the next generation of electronic equipment and a great deal of emphasis is being placed on the development of these methods,. Some of the techniques now becoming popular include "design for testability" (DFT), "built-in self-test" (BIST), and "automatic test vector generation" (ATVG). This book will provide a practical introduction to these and other testing techniques. For each technique introduced, the author provides real-world examples, so the reader can achieve a working knowledge of how to choose and apply these increasingly important testing methods.

Adopting a holistic approach to materials simulation, this monograph covers four very important structural materials: aluminum, carbon steels, superalloys, and plastics. Following an introduction to the concept of integral modeling, the book goes on to cover a wide range of production steps and usage, including melt flow and solidification behavior, coating, shaping, thermal treatment, deep drawing, hardness and ductility, damage initiation, and deformation behavior.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the physics of hysteresis in magnetism and of the mathematical tools used to describe it. Hysteresis in Magnetism discusses from a unified viewpoint the relationsof hysteresis to Maxwells equations, equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, non-linear system dynamics, micromagnetics, and domain theory. These aspects are then applied to the interpretation of magnetization reversal mechanisms: coherent rotation and switching in magnetic particles, stochastic domain wall motion and the Barkhausen effect, coercivity mechanisms and magnetic viscosity, rate-dependent hysteresis and eddy-current losses. The book emphasizes the connection between basic physical ideas and phenomenological models of interest to applications, and, in particular, to the conceptual path going from Maxwells equations and thermodynamics to micromagnetics and to Preisach hysteresis modeling.
Key Features
* The reader will get insight into the importance and role of hysteresis in magnetism; In particular, he will learn:
* which are the fingerprints of hysteresis in magnetism
* which are the situations in which hysteresis may appear
* how to describe mathematically these situations
* how to apply these descriptions to magnetic materials
* how to interpret and predict magnetic hysteresis phenomena observed experimentally

This book delineates practical, tested, general methods for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrometry in clear language for novice users, and serves as a reference resource for advanced spectroscopists. Applied Spectroscopy includes important information and equations which will be referred to regularly. The book emphasizes reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in todays spectroscopic laboratories, and contains methods for selectinga measurement technique as well as solar and color measurements. Written by experts in the field, this text covers spectrometry of new materials, ceramics, and textiles, and provides an appendix of practical reference data for spectrometry.
Book topics include:
. Practical aspects of spectrometers and
spectrometry
. Sample preparation
. Chemometrics and calibration practices
. Reflectance measurements
. Standard materials measurements.
An emphasis is placed on reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in today's spectroscopic laboratories. Methods for selecting a measurement technique are included as well as solar measurements and reference information on sources, detectors, optical fiber and window materials. Additionally, spectrometry of new materials, ceramics, and textiles are covered by respective experts in their fields. An appendix of practical reference data for spectrometry and an extensive index are also included. Practitioners, researchers, and students will find this book useful in their daily working activity, in teaching, and in studies.

The trends and progress attained in computational kinematics over a broad class of problems are grouped into six parts describing the main themes: kinematics algorithms, discussing kinematics problems in light of their solution algorithms; kinematics of mechanisms, studying problems related to specific mechanisms; singularities; workspace, discussing the determination of the workspace of given mechanisms; parallel manipulators; and motion and grasp planning, touching on computational geometry. The volume contains a representative sample of the most modern techniques available for kinetics problems, including techniques based on advances in algebraic geometry. Researchers, graduate students and practising engineers in work relating to kinematics, robotics, machine design and computer science should find this work useful.

In recent years, there have been important developments in the design and fabrication of new thermoelectrics. While a decade ago, progress was mainly empirical, recent advances in theoretical methods have led to a deeper understanding of the parameters that affect the performance of materials in thermoelectric devices. These have brought the goal of producing materials with the required characteristics for commercial application a significant step closer. A search for efficient materials requires a fully microscopic treatment of the charge and heat transport, and the aim of this book is to explain all thermoelectric phenomena from this modern quantum-mechanical perspective. In the first part on phenomenology, conjugate current densities and forces are derived from the condition that the rate of change of the entropy density of the system in the steady state is given by the scalar product between them. The corresponding transport coefficients are explicitly shown to satisfy Onsager's reciprocal relations. The transport equations are solved for a number of cases, and the coefficient of performance, the efficiency, and the figure of merit are computed. State-of-the-art methods for the solution of the transport equations in inhomogeneous thermoelectrics are presented. A brief account on how to include magnetization transport in the formalism is also given. In the second part, quantum mechanical expressions for the transport coefficients are derived, following the approach by Luttinger. These are shown to satisfy Onsager's relations by construction. Three lattice models, currently used to describe strongly correlated electron systems, are introduced: the Hubbard, the Falicov-Kimball, and the periodic Anderson model (PAM), and the relevant current density operators are derived for each of them. A proof of the Jonson-Mahan theorem, according to which all transport coefficients for these models can be obtained from the integral of a unique transport function multiplied by different powers of the frequency, is given. The third part compares theory and experiment. First for the thermoelectric properties of dilute magnetic alloys, where the theoretical results are obtained from poor man's scaling solutions to single impurity models. Then it is shown that the experimental data on heavy fermions and valence fluctuators are well reproduced by the transport coefficients computed for the PAM at low and high temperature. Finally, results obtained from first principles calculations are shown, after a short introduction to density functional theory and beyond. A number of useful appendices complete the book.

Polymers selected for this edition of the Handbook of Polymers include all major polymeric materials used by the plastics and other branches of the chemical industry as well as specialty polymers used in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical, and space fields. Extensive information is included on biopolymers.

The data included in the Handbook of Polymers come from open literature (published articles, conference papers, and books), literature available from manufacturers of various grades of polymers, plastics, and finished products, and patent literature. The above sources were searched, including the most recent literature. It can be seen from the references that a large portion of the data comes from information published in 2011. This underscores one of the major goals of this undertaking, which is to provide readers with the most up-to-date information.

Frequently, data from different sources vary in a broad range and they have to be reconciled. In such cases, values closest to their average and values based on testing of the most current grades of materials are selected to provide readers with information which is characteristic of currently available products, focusing on the potential use of data in solving practical problems. In this process of verification many older data were rejected unless they have been confirmed by recently conducted studies.

Presentation of data for all polymers is based on a consistent pattern of data arrangement, although, depending on data availability, only data fields which contain actual values are included for each individual polymer. The entire scope of the data is divided into sections to make data comparison and search easy.

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Handbook of Polymers contains information on all essential data used in practical applications, research, and legislation The most sought after data for over 230 of the most widely used polymers

The most up-to-date reference data available in print

The subjects covered in this volume include riblets, LEBUs (Large Eddy Break-Up devices), surface roughness, compliant surfaces and polymer additives. Riblets seem to be one of the most extensively studied devices in the past years. Reflecting this situation in the European Community, there are six papers on riblets covering their practical applications to aircraft and to a model ship, near-wall coherent structure of boundary layer and effects of flow three-dimensionality. Possibility of heat-transfer enhancement with riblets and potential use in the laminar flow are also investigated. An analytical model is developed for the boundary-layer with a LEBU device. Physical mechanisms of turbulent skin-friction reduction with LEBUs are reviewed in the light of some recent studies. The d-type roughness is investigated in conjunction with riblets for drag reduction. A correlation method of roughness parameters with the drag penalties is also presented. Two papers are devoted to further theoretical development of compliant surfaces in transition delay. Probably one of the most exciting recent developments in turbulence management is the use of compliant surfaces in the turbulent boundary layer. There are two papers describing some theoretical experimental work carried out on this subject in the U.S.S.R. Some further studies on the effects of polymer additives are also presented. The volume concludes with an edited record of the lively panel discussions which provided a useful forum to exchange views, plans for future research, collaborative work and industrial applications of drag reduction techniques.

The objective of Volume II is to show how asymptotic methods, with the thickness as the small parameter, indeed provide a powerful means of justifying two-dimensional plate theories. More specifically, without any recourse to any "a priori" assumptions of a geometrical or mechanical nature, it is shown that in the linear case, the three-dimensional displacements, once properly scaled, converge in "H"1 towards a limit that satisfies the well-known two-dimensional equations of the linear Kirchhoff-Love theory; the convergence of stress is also established.

In the nonlinear case, again after "ad hoc" scalings have been performed, it is shown that the leading term of a formal asymptotic expansion of the three-dimensional solution satisfies well-known two-dimensional equations, such as those of the nonlinear Kirchhoff-Love theory, or the von Karman equations. Special attention is also given to the first convergence result obtained in this case, which leads to two-dimensional large deformation, frame-indifferent, nonlinear membrane theories. It is also demonstrated that asymptotic methods can likewise be used for justifying other lower-dimensional equations of elastic shallow shells, and the coupled pluri-dimensional equations of elastic multi-structures, i.e., structures with junctions. In each case, the existence, uniqueness or multiplicity, and regularity of solutions to the limit equations obtained in this fashion are also studied.

Surface engineering includes many facets of materials science that help regulate the function, quality, and safety of products such as automotive, textile, and electronic materials. New technologies are developing to help enhance the surface performance. Surface Engineering Techniques and Applications: Research Advancements provides recent developments in surface engineering techniques and applications. It details scientific and technological results while also giving insight to current research, economic impact, and environmental concerns so that academics, practitioners, and professionals in the field, as well as students studying these areas, can deepen their understanding of new surface processes.

Volume 4 of Formulation Science and Technology is a survey of the applications of formulations in a variety of fields, based on the theories presented in Volumes 1 and 2. It offers in-depth explanations and a wealth of real-world examples for research scientists, universities, and industry practitioners in the fields of Agrochemicals, Paints and Coatings and Food Colloids.

Volume 4 expands this series to include inorganic compounds and elements in addition to the organic compounds covered in the first three volumes. The data are presented in graphs for viscosity as a function of temperature. The graphs are arranged by chemical formula to provide ease of use; many of them cover the full range from melting point to boiling point to critical point. Common units are used, but each graph displays a conversion factor to provide English units.

The monograph is devoted to the investigation of physical processes that govern the phonon transport in bulk and nanoscale single-crystal samples of cubic symmetry. Special emphasis is given to the study of phonon focusing in cubic crystals and its influence on the boundary scattering and lattice thermal conductivity of bulk materials and nanostructures.

Databook of Adhesion Promoters, Second Edition contains data on the most important adhesion promoter products in use today. Information on each adhesion promoter is divided into five sections: General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, and Use and Performance. The previous edition of this book was mostly related to silanes, but many new additives have been introduced to the market, many not based on silanes but on one of 37 chemical groups of chemical compounds needed for a variety of products in which silanes do not function, are too expensive, or better performance can be achieved with these new additives. The years that have passed since publication of the first edition have also had a significant impact on sourcing and selection of adhesion promoters for different tasks. Due to mergers and acquisitions, many additives are no longer in use. Because of scientific developments, more products are based on renewable resources and selected from less toxic origins. There is also a clear tendency to limit the scope of application which can lead to many products being designed for specialized, frequently single product applications.