This volume takes a unique and challenging look at how money has operated in Islamic society and at how Islamic theoretical frameworks have influenced perceptions of money.
The author draws upon historical, data and policy analysis to present a comparative study of monetary theories, including recent treatment of money by Islamic economists. Discussion also covers the nature of joint venture, stock markets, banks and financial intermediaries, price stability and international trade. This work sheds pioneering light in this area, and will be of interest to academics, graduates and researchers internationally.

In this volume an international team of monetary historians examine the historical experience of exchange rate behaviour under different monetary regimes. The main focus is on metallic standards and fixed exchange rates, such as the gold standard. With its combination of thematic overviews and case studies of key countries and periods, this book provides enhanced understanding of past monetary systems. The volume is divided into three parts. Part I evaluates the various monetary systems. The performance of metallic regimes is compared with the other monetary systems of human history, using criteria such as growth, inflation and general economic stability. Part II is concerned with the detailed behaviour of exchange rates under historical metallic regimes. Much attention is paid to the bimetallic standard of both gold and silver. Part III examines the different behaviour of metallic standards in the centre countries and at the periphery. This book should be of interest to economic historians and general historians with an interest in monetary history, and to scholars of macroeconomics and international economics.

This book analyzes the competitive forces which dominate this major sector, and traces how the nature of competition has evolved during the last two hundred years. Through an analysis of key factors, including demand, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and national rivalry, chance and government policy, the author explains how and why the locus of competitive advantage in textiles and apparel has moved from country to country, particularly in the period since 1945.

Through a detailed examination of proverbs related to money, this book offers a comprehensive critique of the prevailing everyday ideologies and discourses on money and paves the way toward establishing a new set of proverbs more conducive to financial equality and human well-being. The volume explores a variety of contexts to demonstrate the different aspects of the money system and the linguistic and social structures embedded within them, including pay day loan websites, gambling, get rich self-help books, and new forms of currency. Unpacking this complex relationship between people, money, and language in contemporary society, this book is an ideal resource for students and scholars in language and communication, sociolinguistics, rhetoric, sociology, and media studies.

In this text, the author argues that a new approach to the analysis of bank money is needed which is capable of providing modern analytical instruments based on the intrinsic nature of bank money. Conventionally, monetary problems are examined with reference to a monetary framework which has little to do with the real world of banking. The purpose of this book is to provide an alternative analysis to monetary economics based on the very distinctive properties of bank money. Monetary problems are investigated from a structural point of view. Of special interest is the distinction made between money and income which is rooted in the everyday practices of central and secondary banks. The book also examines exchange rate instability and financial crisis and finally, sets forward an alternative proposal for European Monetary Union.

Published in association with the Bank of England, this text assesses the damaging effects of financing government deficits through inflationary finance, financial repression and excessive foreign borrowing. This is supported by a practical guide to developing voluntary domestic markets for government debts. Much of the material in this last section of the book is based upon the response to questionnaires sent to central banks in Ghana, Indiam Malaysia, Mexicom New Zealand, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe.

Published in association with the Bank of England, this text assesses the damaging effects of financing government deficits through inflationary finance, financial repression and excessive foreign borrowing. This is supported by a practical guide to developing voluntary domestic markets for government debts. Much of the material in this last section of the book is based upon the response to questionnaires sent to central banks in Ghana, Indiam Malaysia, Mexicom New Zealand, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe.

The focus of this volume is on the European context of public budget policy and a variety of different approaches are used - theoretical modelling, econometrics and applied general equilibrium modelling. Empirical evidence and case studies of European countries are contained in all the papers.
The papers cover the four general themes of public budget policy:
* economic stabilization, in view of the Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community
* reinforcing structural change, involved in market liberalization and harmonization of economic structures
* its distributional effects and implications for social equity
* endogenous economic growth.

Can the 'invisible hand' handle money? George Selgin challenges the view that government regulation creates monetary order and stability, and instead shows it to be the main source of monetary crisis.
The volume is divided into three sections:
* Part I refutes conventional wisdom holding that any monetary system lacking government regulation is 'inherently unstable', and looks at the workings of market forces in an otherwise unregulated banking system.
* Part II draws on both theory and historical experience to show how various kinds of government interference undermine the inherent efficiency, safety, and stability of a free monetary system.
* Part III completes the argument by addressing the popular misconception that a monetary system is unsound unless it delivers a stable output price-level.

This is a study of the impact of Britain's economic and financial cities on currency and monetary policy-making in India between the wars. Drawing on a range of archival sources, it analyzes colonial policies against the background of Anglo-American efforts to reconstruct the interwar international financial system, and Britain's struggle to restore sterling and the City of London to their former pre-eminence. Bridging the gulf separating the financial history of interwar Europe from that of India, Britain's financial relations with the empire and those with the wider world, and finally between finance and politics in the last decades of the empire, this book should be of interest to international economic and financial historians, and for historians of India and the British Empire.

In this important new book, Sheila Dow argues that money is integral to the economic process and that some common principles may be applied when analysing money's role at the regional, national and international levels. The importance of considering the spatial aspects of money's role has been highlighted by recent developments in Europe and elsewhere.Using a post Keynesian perspective, the first five chapters put forward a methodological and theoretical framework for a theory of money which combines endogenous credit creation and liquidity preference. The next five chapters analyse money's role in the economic process as it affects regional economies. The final two chapters adapt the theory in order to analyse finance and development in the international context, and as a basis for discussing possible international institutional reforms. Money and the Economic Process features some of Sheila Dow's most acclaimed articles and papers in this area, as well as including some new work which reveals the recent development of her thought.

Everyone is familiar with money. Yet few realize that currently contentious issues and financial difficulties are not new. On the contrary, most are firmly rooted in the past and when examined help to put current economic problems in historical context. This text presents a history of money from Charlemagne's reform in approximately AD 800 to the end of the Silver Wars in 1896. It offers a summary of 20th-century events and an analysis of how the past relates to present problems. This book examines how virtually all modern difficulties associated with money have precedents in the past. It discusses how a mercantile system developed alongside simple, metallic, medieval coinage, in a way which has important lessons for the countries now emerging from central planning. It covers the great periods of monetary disputes, Henry VIII and Sir Thomas Greshem, Isaac Newton's Great recoinage of 1696, Ricardo and the Bullion Committee Report, the battle between the Banking and currency schools, and the neglected but relevant, issues of bimetallism and European monetary union in the late 19th-century.

According to Stephen Rousseas, economics cannot be separated from politics. Here, he provides theoretical background and insight into the ideology of supply-side economics, commonly referred to as Reaganomics. As a Post Keynesian, Rousseas is critical of supply-side economics and the Reagan administration's attempt to counter-revolutionise the demand-side economics of the earlier twentieth century. Originally published in 1982, this title is ideal for students of Economics and Politics, as well as the general reader interested in the subject.

For two decades thinking on economic policy has been dominated by the idea of economic liberalization in general and financial deregulation in particular. This field has become both extensive and controversial, yet there is no single book which treats financial deregulation in a complete and coherent manner.
This book rectifies the shortfall by focusing specifically on the consequences of interest rate deregulation for the real sectors of the economy. Using both analytical and simulation models the behaviour of consumers, firms, banks, informal credit markets and governments is examined with a view to providing guidance on a number of controversial issues.

Pre-eminent among the requisites for economic integration is monetary integration. It is the premise of the chapters in this book that if the Arab world is to achieve a closer degree of cooperation in economic and political spheres, the issue of monetary integration must be given much more attention. To this end the contributors to this book, who include well-known academics and economic experts from the Arab countries, Europe, the USA and Latin America, have looked at the experience of other areas of the world which have introduced monetary unity. They consider the experiences of Western Europe, Latin America and Western Africa, evaluating them with the objective of focusing on the various major issues which have to be coped with when planning for closer monetary cooperation. While the analysis concerning the scope for future Arab monetary integration revealed varying positions as to the factors which should be stressed and the pre-requisites which should be fulfilled, there emerged general agreement on certain major issues including the following: at the present time the Arab countries should strive to achieve partial rather than full monetary integration and to create the requisite conditions for such a move; economic and monetary integration should be viewed as mutually reinforcing rather than as successive processes; and the political will to achieve integration is a major pre-requisite for any move in that direction. First published in 1981.

The issue of economic development and monetary stability has produced one of the most passionate debates in economic literature. Yet, much of the evidence employed in this debate is contradictory. Monetary and Financial Policies in Developing Countries: Growth and Stabilization brings together diverse views on the subject within a coherent framework. The work includes:
* a balanced assessment of empirical findings and their theoretical foundations on the role of money and growth
* a discussion of financial liberalization reform in developing countries
* an analysis of monetary policy as an instrument of economic stabilization
* an examination of the monetary supply and demand process in developing countries
* a study of the relationship between money, credit, the balance of payments, inflation and the exchange rate system
* a reflection on market failures and the role of government.

There is widespread belief that the high interest rates of the 1980s and 1990s in the developed world have been caused by high budget deficits. Yet, there is no conclusive evidence to support such a belief. This book systematically examines this and other questions relating to the behaviour of real interest rates in eleven developed countries. The results show that generalizations across the countries can be hazardous and strongly suggests that factors specific to individual countries are still of vital importance.

Ludwig Von Mises's 1912 contribution to the theory of monetary policy and the current prevailing consensus in modern economic liberalism, The Theory of Money and Credit, was a milestone achievement. The author's familiarity with the historical literature on banking and credit allows him to present a coherent theoretical structure that links private exchange between individuals, business and banks to condition the markets affecting money and credit. Through its wider influence on liberal thinkers and politicians, the Theory of Money and Credit has become a classic reference for those seeking to understand the advance of economic liberalism since the 20th century.

Based on an analysis of a 1988 nationwide sample survey of 10,258 households, this book aims to offer insights into issues of rural inequality in China. The work focuses on the study of wealth rather than income as the primary measure.

Based on an analysis of a 1988 nationwide sample survey of 10,258 households, this book aims to offer insights into issues of rural inequality in China. The work focuses on the study of wealth rather than income as the primary measure.

This title was first published in 2002. In State socialist societies, informal economies were essential for the functioning of the economy as well as for household provision. Since the beginning of social transformation they have been flourishing better than ever before. They are a main outlet on the market for the newly emerging middle classes, stabilize the situation of many workers and pensioners, and in countries on the downward slope they are essential for the survival of large impoverished groups. Presenting recent research on the social importance of informal economies, especially in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Russia, the editors give a short introduction for each country, and a common compilation of basic economic and social data follows in the appendix. Household strategies in the 'shadow', groups of informal winners and losers, informal employment in town and countryside, outcomes from informal activities, the macro-economic importance of informal economies, and researching methods are all investigated.

The labour markets in the United States and in Germany could hardly be more different. The USA, with its tremendous job growth, is often held up as the prime example of the job-creating power of unfettered markets, while Germany is seen as the textbook case of an overregulated European labour market stifling employment growth. For many policy advisers the lessons are clear: if Europeans want to emulate the success of the Americans, they must deregulate their economies. On the other hand, economists in the USA, impressed with Germany's income growth and social stability, have shown increasing interest in the role that non-market institutions play in the German context. This work provides an in-depth analysis of the functioning of various labour market institutions in both the USA and Germany. In close studies of the regulatory differences between the two countries, the authors examine the impact of those institutions on economic performance. On the basis of their findings, they argue that the choice is not one between regulation and deregulation, but rather between different forms and degrees of regulation.

This book embodies the results of a detailed study of the Egyptian economic and financial development. It presents a clear understanding of the environmental factors of the monetary institutions and traces the influence which these institutions have had upon the country's economic organisation.

Europe is in a period of rapid transition. The Single European Market has been completed, and many barriers to the free mvoement of goods, services, labour and capital have been removed. However the moves towards deeper European union, with full monetary union by 1999, have proved more problematic. Outside the EU, the collapse of communism has added more countries to the queue of EFTA nations applying for EU membership. This book, based on articles originally published in Economics and business Education which are here extensively revised and updated, takes a timely look at the European economy. Lively and accessible throughout, the book will be compelling reading for introductory students of economics.

This title was first published in 2002: This is a unique volume among the existing variety of publications on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) because it focuses on the internationalization process taking place there. It addresses the rapid changes of the business climate in the region that have led to intensive internationalization of companies, businesses and national economies. Existing FDI books have mostly taken the perspective of attracting inward FDI flows, missing the aspect of FDI outflows from CEE countries. While foreign investors face the specific context of a region that poses new requirements to their internationalization strategies, approaches and practices, domestic companies must strive to make their businesses international. Consequently, the book presents the features of internationalization in CEE from home and host company and country perspectives, providing a fresh perspective on this major economic problem.