Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a pertinent task in nearly every field of human activity, from the assuring of aircraft integrity to the evaluation of infrastructural decay caused by deterioration or damage. The development of non-destructive methods for quality management results in economic and environmental benefits, in an increase in product reliability, and in improved public safety and security. This book contains over fifty reviewed and edited papers on the innovative developments and new applications in NDT. It covers cutting-edge NDT methods, including optical, acoustic, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic techniques, tomography, radiography, and thermography. Intended for a researchers and practitioners involved with studying, testing and maintaining machinery, products and components in laboratory and industrial environments.

The Advanced Study Institute provided an opportunity for researchers in universities, industry and National and International Laboratories, from the disciplines ofmaterials science, physics, chemistry and engineering to meet together in an assessment of the impact of electron and scanning probe microscopy on advanced material research. Since these researchers have traditionally relied upon different approaches, due to their different scientific background, to advanced materials problem solving, presentations and discussion within the Institute sessions were initially devoted to developing a set ofmutually understood basic concepts, inherently related to different techniques ofcharacterization by microscopy and spectroscopy. Particular importance was placed on Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), High Resolution Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRTEM, HRSTEM) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). It was recognized that the electronic structure derived directly from EELS analysis as well as from atomic positions in HRTEM or High Angle Annular Dark Field STEM can be used to understand the macroscopic behaviour of materials. The emphasis, however, was upon the analysis of the electronic band structure of grain boundaries, fundamental for the understanding of macroscopic quantities such as strength, cohesion, plasticity, etc.

This thesis describes the development of a new technique to solve an important industrial inspection requirement for a high-value jet-engine component. The work - and the story told in the thesis - stretches all the way from the fundamentals of wave propagation in anisotropic material and ultrasonic array imaging through to device production and site trials. The book includes a description of a new method to determine crystallographic orientation from 2D ultrasonic array data. Another new method is described that enables volumetric images of an anisotropic material to be generated from 2D ultrasonic array data, based on measured crystallographic orientation. After extensive modeling, a suitable 2D array and deployment fixtures were manufactured and tested on in situ turbine blades in real engines. The final site trial indicated an order of magnitude improvement over the best existing technique in the detectability of a certain type of root cracking. The Development of a 2D Ultrasonic Array Inspection for Single Crystal Turbine Blades should be an inspiration for those starting out on doctoral degrees as it shows the complete development cycle from basic science to industrial usage.

By illustrating a wide range of specific applications in all major industries, this work broadens the coverage of X-ray diffraction beyond basic tenets, research and academic principles. The book serves as a guide to solving problems faced everyday in the laboratory, and offers a review of the current theory and practice of X-ray diffraction, major advances and potential uses.

This text on numerical methods applied to the analysis of electromagnetic nondestructive testing (NOT) phenomena is the first in a series devoted to all aspects of engineering nondestructive evaluation. The timing of this series is most appropriate as many university engineering/physics faculties around the world, recognizing the industrial significance of the subject, are organizing new courses and programs with engineering NOE as a theme. Additional texts in the series will cover electromagnetics for engineering NOE, microwave NOT methods, ultrasonic testing, radiographic methods and signal processing for NOE. It is the intended purpose of the series to provide senior-graduate level coverage of the material suitable for university curricula and to be generally useful to those in industry with engineering degrees who wish to upgrade their NOE skills beyond those needed for certification. This dual purpose for the series reflects the very applied nature of NOE and the need to develop suitable texts capable of bridging the gap between research laboratory studies of NOE phenomena and the real world of certification and industrial applications. The reader might be tempted to question these assertions in light of the rather mathematical nature of this first text. However, the subject of numerical modeling is of critical importance to a thorough understanding of the field-defect interactions at the heart of all electromagnetic NOT phenomena.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) systems can generate incomplete, incorrect or conflicting information about a flaw or a defect. Therefore, the use of more than one NDT system is usually required for accurate defect detection and/or quantification. In addition to a reduction in inspection time, important cost savings could be achieved if a data fusion process is developed to combine signals from multisensor systems for manual and remotely operated inspections. This gathering of data from multiple sources and an efficient processing of information help in decision making, reduce signal uncertainty and increase the overall performance of a non-destructive examination. This book gathers, for the first time, essays from leading NDT experts involved in data fusion. It explores the concept of data fusion by providing a comprehensive review and analysis of the applications of NDT data fusion. This publication concentrates on NDT data fusion for industrial applications and highlights progress and applications in the field of data fusion in areas ranging from materials testing in the aerospace industry to medical applications. Each chapter contains a specific case study with a theoretical part but also presents experimental results from a practical point of view. The book should be considered more as a pragmatic introduction to the applications of NDT data fusion rather than a rigorous basis for theoretical studies.

Non Destructive Testing and Non Destructive Evaluation using Ultrasounds covers an important field of applications and requires a wide range of fundamental theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations. In the present volume, the reader will find some relevant research results on wave propagation in complex materials and structures which are concerned with today's problems on composites, bonding, guided waves, contact or damage, imaging and structural noise. The fifth meeting of the Anglo-French Research Group on "Wave propagation in non homogeneous media with a view to Non Destructive testing" was held in Anglet, France, June 2-6, 2008.

The need for this book arose from my teaching, engineering, and - search experience in the non-power aspects of nuclear technology. The lack of a comprehensive textbook in industrial applications of radiation frustrated my students, who had to resort to a multitude of textbooks and research publications to familiarize themselves with the fundam- tal and practical aspects of radiation technology. As an engineer, I had to acquire the design aspects of radiation devices by trial-and-error, and often by accidental reading of a precious publication. As a researcher and a supervisor of graduate students, I found that the needed literature was either hard to find, or too scattered and diverse. More than once, I discovered that what appeared to be an exciting new idea was an old concept that was tried a few decades earlier during the golden era of "Atom for Peace." I am hoping, therefore, that this book will serve as a single comprehensive reference source in a growing field that I expect will continue to expand. This book is directed to both neophytes and experts, and is written to combine the old and the new, the basic and the advanced, the simple and the complex. It is anticipated that this book will be of help in - viving older concepts, improving and expanding existing techniques and promoting the development of new ones.

Since its development in the late 1970s, the Moire Fringe method has become a standard technique for the measurement of the behavior of materials and structures. Edited by one of the co-inventors of the technique, the Handbook of Moire Measurement brings together a series of extended case studies from recognized experts in the field. The emphasis is on the application of the method to real situations, and presents a very readable account of the technique from the point of view of the user. As an introduction to the Moire technique and its variants, this book will be of interest to readers at all levels, but is particularly suitable for undergraduates and graduate students in physics, materials science, and structural and mechanical engineering.

An indispensable resource for the use of infrared thermography in industrial nondestructive testing

Machine vision, especially infrared thermography, provides industries with a more efficient and cost-effective method of detecting production flaws than traditional means of human inspection. The trend in industry today is toward inspecting and evaluating products in a nondestructive manner. For that purpose, infrared thermography has become a prime means of ensuring quality without damaging product. This comprehensive reference for professionals provides total coverage of infrared thermography inspection, theory, and practice in nondestructive testing (NDT).

Xavier Maldague provides a comprehensive introduction to Thermographic Nondestructive Testing (TNDT) and its current applications, followed by major sections on the fundamental concepts, passive and active thermography, and case studies in industry. A complementary package called IRNDT is available on the Internet for use with problems at the end of each chapter or as a tool for image processing. Detailed coverage includes:

• Introduction to thermal emission and heat transfer
• Infrared sensors and optics fundamentals
• Images and image analysis
• Experimental concepts
• Active thermography and quantitative analysis: pulsed, step, lockin, and vibrothermography
• Case studies in passive and active thermography

This volume contains the papers presented at the 2nd International Conference entitled: "Emerging Technologies in NDT" which was held in Athens, Greece, May 24-26, 1999. This work covers frequently used non-destructive testing methods and introduces innovative ideas in the field. The title also focuses on visual and optical inspection, acoustic emission and ultrasonics as well as a range of other closely related topics.

More than 50 papers were presented at the conferecne by invited and distinguished researchers from all over the world. This volume forms a valuable record of important contributions to the relevant literature. It contains not only the most up-to-date technology developments but provides also information regarding emerging NDT techniques/technologies and their potential applications in the field.

The book covers frequently used NDT methods and introduces new and innovative ideas. Focussing on visual and optical inspection, acoustic emission, ultrasonics, nonlinear ultrasonics, infrared methods, X-ray radiography, special techniques, material characterisation, NDT of civil engineering structures, inspection of pipes and reliability and validation this volume will be a great boon to engineers, researchers, quality control managers, as well as teachers and graduate students in the field.

Electrical and Magnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing presents a comprehensive account of the electrical and magnetic methods of nondestructive testing (NDT). The book begins with a discussion of the requirements for NDT and the criteria for the choice of a given method, followed by a summary of the general theory relating to electrical and magnetic testing techniques. Subsequent chapters discuss specific methods, including eddy current and flux-leakage techniques and microwave and potential drop methods. The appendix provides some useful programs for eddy current impedance analyses. These programs are in BASIC and can be run on PCs.

Testing concrete while construction is underway enables decisions to be made which can improve the quality of the finished structure. The book covers testing and measuring techniques for fresh concrete and concrete during the first few days after placing, and for reinforcement and prestressing tendons. Many examples are given of practical methods which can be applied directly during concrete construction to improve quality. It forms the Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop in Mainz, Germany, March 1990.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) analysis techniques are used in science, technology and medicine to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system, without causing damage or altering the article being inspected. It is a highly valuable technique that can save money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. Well known and widely used in industrial applications since the 60s, the NDT market is developing and growing fast. This book focuses on electromagnetic NDT methods and more specifically on the motion induced eddy current testing and evaluation (MIECTE) techniques used for conductive materials via electromagnetic methods, focusing on the Lorentz force eddy current testing (LET) method which was introduced recently. The authors present the modelling and simulation of LET systems as well as the optimal design of the measurement setups. They also show the wide variety of applications of the LET method including defect identification and sigmometry to estimate electrical conductivity of the tested material.

This book provides an overview and up-to-date synthesis of the most commonly used non-destructive technologies for the reverse engineering of built infrastructure facilities. These technologies tackle both the geometric and radiometric characterization of built structures, and thus, validated technologies such as laser scanning, photogrammetry, and multispectral remote sensing are presented in depth, from their fundamentals to their application to management systems for diverse applications in civil engineering (damage inspection, structural calculations, road inventory and inspections, BIM, etc.). Alternative methods are therefore presented for routine sub-surface inspections by using non-invasive geophysics (e.g. magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic), as well as thermography for the nearest sub-surface. The book is divided into three sections, whose main features are as follows: Section 1: Fundamentals, principles and applications of: laser scanning, photogrammetry, geophysics, ground penetrating radar, IR thermography, multispectral imaging. Section 2: Applications to the inspection of infrastructure facilities: tunnels, breakwaters, railways, roads, and modeling of existing buildings (damage inspection in constructions, thermographic 3D modeling, structural modeling of industrial constructions). Section 3: new management tools and intelligent modeling: infrastructure management systems based on non-destructive technologies for masonry arch bridges, computational approaches for GPR processing and interpretation, automatic processing and object recognition from laser scanning data, BIM for existing buildings. This cutting-edge edited volume will be a valuable resource for students, researchers and professional engineers with an interest in non-destructive technologies and their applications to reverse engineering of structures and infrastructure.

This work elucidates the power of modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to solve a wide range of practical problems that arise in both academic and industrial settings. This edition provides current information regarding the implementation and interpretation of NMR experiments, and contains material on: three- and four-dimensional NMR; the NMR analysis of peptides, proteins, carbohydrates and oligonucleotides; and more.

Edited by leading researchers and technologists, Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion is the only book to discuss the interdisciplinary topic of non-destructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment. Covering a topic of great industrial significance, the text discusses techniques for non-destructive evaluation and various types of corrosion, as well as the applications of each technique and specific case studies. Chapters applicable to industries such as aerospace, energy, and processing make this timely text suitable for life assessment and maintenance personnel, R&D, students, and educators.

Microwave and millimeter-wave non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is generally understood to mean using high-frequency electromagnetic energy to inspect and characterize materials and structures. In spite of possessing some distinct advantages in certain applications to other NDT&E techniques, microwave NDT&E has only found compared limited practical application during the past 45 years. These advantages include lack of a need for contact between the sensor and the object being inspected, the ability to penetrate dielectric materials, and superior sensitivity to certain material constituents and flaws. One factor contributing to this minimal acceptance by the NDT &E community has been a generally poor understanding in this community of the theory and practice that underlie the technology. This situation exists partly because of a paucity of microwave NDT&E textbook and reference material. Some chapters, reviews, and books aimed at filling this need have been published in the past but, for the most part, this material is based on the use of older microwave technology. However, during the past ten years great strides have been made in ternlS of the cost, size, and ease of use of microwave components. In addition, recent advances in modeling and measurement techniques have expanded the range of applications for microwave NDT&E. Such applications include inspecting modern materials such as composites, detecting and characterizing surface flaws, and evaluating the compressive strength of cement structures. These advances have created an urgent need for up-to-date textbook material on this subject.

This thesis describes the development of a new technique to solve an important industrial inspection requirement for a high-value jet-engine component. The work – and the story told in the thesis – stretches all the way from the fundamentals of wave propagation in anisotropic material and ultrasonic array imaging through to device production and site trials. The book includes a description of a new method to determine crystallographic orientation from 2D ultrasonic array data. Another new method is described that enables volumetric images of an anisotropic material to be generated from 2D ultrasonic array data, based on measured crystallographic orientation. After extensive modeling, a suitable 2D array and deployment fixtures were manufactured and tested on in situ turbine blades in real engines. The final site trial indicated an order of magnitude improvement over the best existing technique in the detectability of a certain type of root cracking. The Development of a 2D Ultrasonic Array Inspection for Single Crystal Turbine Blades should be an inspiration for those starting out on doctoral degrees as it shows the complete development cycle from basic science to industrial usage.

Testing concrete while construction is underway enables decisions to be made which can improve the quality of the finished structure. The book covers testing and measuring techniques for fresh concrete and concrete during the first few days after placing, and for reinforcement and prestressing tendons. Many examples are given of practical methods which can be applied directly during concrete construction to improve quality. It forms the Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop in Mainz, Germany, March 1990.

This book is a comprehensive assessment of the various theoretical and numerical methods currently in use to investigate microstructural transformations and mechanical properties of inhomogeneous systems, from the atomic scale to the macroscopic: kinetic mean-field theories, Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, Ginzburg-Landau and phase field methods as applied to plasticity and microstructure transformation, discrete and stochastic dislocation dynamics, and cluster dynamics. Extensive surveys of major physical processes include: solidification, microstructural evolution in single and polycrystalline systems under internal and applied stress, high temperature plasticity, recrystallization, large plastic strain in multiphase systems, fatigue, fracture, diffusive transformations, and fine grained materials.

The Advanced Study Institute provided an opportunity for researchers in universities, industry and National and International Laboratories, from the disciplines ofmaterials science, physics, chemistry and engineering to meet together in an assessment of the impact of electron and scanning probe microscopy on advanced material research. Since these researchers have traditionally relied upon different approaches, due to their different scientific background, to advanced materials problem solving, presentations and discussion within the Institute sessions were initially devoted to developing a set ofmutually understood basic concepts, inherently related to different techniques ofcharacterization by microscopy and spectroscopy. Particular importance was placed on Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), High Resolution Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRTEM, HRSTEM) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). It was recognized that the electronic structure derived directly from EELS analysis as well as from atomic positions in HRTEM or High Angle Annular Dark Field STEM can be used to understand the macroscopic behaviour of materials. The emphasis, however, was upon the analysis of the electronic band structure of grain boundaries, fundamental for the understanding of macroscopic quantities such as strength, cohesion, plasticity, etc.

14 contributions present mathematical models for different imaging techniques in medicine and nondestructive testing. The underlying mathematical models are presented in a way that also newcomers in the field have a chance to understand the relation between the special applications and the mathematics needed for successfully treating these problems. The reader gets an insight into a modern field of scientific computing with applications formerly not presented in such form, leading from the basics to actual research activities.

Travelling wave processes and wave motion are of great importance in many areas of mechanics, and nonlinearity also plays a decisive role there. The basic mathematical models in this area involve nonlinear partial differential equations, and predictability of behaviour of wave phenomena is of great importance. Beside fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, which have long been the traditional nonlinear scienes, solid mechanics is now taking an ever increasing account of nonlinear effects. Apart from plasticity and fracture mechanics, nonlinear elastic waves have been shown to be of great importance in many areas, such as the study of impact, nondestructive testing and seismology. These lectures offer a thorough account of the fundamental theory of nonlinear deformation waves, and in the process offer an up to date account of the current state of research in the theory and practice of nonlinear waves in solids.