The Advanced Study Institute provided an opportunity for researchers in universities, industry and National and International Laboratories, from the disciplines ofmaterials science, physics, chemistry and engineering to meet together in an assessment of the impact of electron and scanning probe microscopy on advanced material research. Since these researchers have traditionally relied upon different approaches, due to their different scientific background, to advanced materials problem solving, presentations and discussion within the Institute sessions were initially devoted to developing a set ofmutually understood basic concepts, inherently related to different techniques ofcharacterization by microscopy and spectroscopy. Particular importance was placed on Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), High Resolution Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRTEM, HRSTEM) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). It was recognized that the electronic structure derived directly from EELS analysis as well as from atomic positions in HRTEM or High Angle Annular Dark Field STEM can be used to understand the macroscopic behaviour of materials. The emphasis, however, was upon the analysis of the electronic band structure of grain boundaries, fundamental for the understanding of macroscopic quantities such as strength, cohesion, plasticity, etc.

Barkhausen Noise for Nondestructive Testing and Materials Characterization in Low Carbon Steels presents a balanced approach, reviewing the disadvantages and advantages of using this technique and its comparison over other magnetic testing techniques. In addition, the book looks towards future applications of this technique, in particular, its industrial applications as a method for pipeline inspection, current advantages, and barriers to implementation. The book is suitable for materials scientists, researchers and engineers, and may be applicable for those working in metallurgical plants. Not only does the book discuss fundamentals, it reviews recent discoveries, such as the correlation between magnetocrystalline energy and Barkhausen noise, the modeling of this relationship, and the application of this technique in the characterization of magnetic materials.

14 contributions present mathematical models for different imaging techniques in medicine and nondestructive testing. The underlying mathematical models are presented in a way that also newcomers in the field have a chance to understand the relation between the special applications and the mathematics needed for successfully treating these problems. The reader gets an insight into a modern field of scientific computing with applications formerly not presented in such form, leading from the basics to actual research activities.

Travelling wave processes and wave motion are of great importance in many areas of mechanics, and nonlinearity also plays a decisive role there. The basic mathematical models in this area involve nonlinear partial differential equations, and predictability of behaviour of wave phenomena is of great importance. Beside fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, which have long been the traditional nonlinear scienes, solid mechanics is now taking an ever increasing account of nonlinear effects. Apart from plasticity and fracture mechanics, nonlinear elastic waves have been shown to be of great importance in many areas, such as the study of impact, nondestructive testing and seismology. These lectures offer a thorough account of the fundamental theory of nonlinear deformation waves, and in the process offer an up to date account of the current state of research in the theory and practice of nonlinear waves in solids.

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) procedures are needed for materials processing, as well as for post-process materials testing. They play important roles in product design, analysis of service-life expectancy, manufacturing and quality control of manufactured products. They are also essential to on-line monitoring of the integrity of structural elements and complex systems. Rational accept and reject criteria should be based on NDE tests. Critical safety, efficiency and operational features of large-scale structures depend on adequate NDE capabilities. The lectures presented in this volume are concerned with quantitative ultrasonic NDE. They present fundamental concepts and basic theory, as well as applications to the detection of cracks and the evaluation of material properties. The following topics are discussed: basic wave propagation theory for ultrasonic NDE; piezoelectric transducers, EMATS and ultrasonic spectroscopy; laser-based ultrasonics; acoustoelasticity; ultrasound in solids with porosity, microcracking and polycrystalline structuring; the determination of mechanical properties of composite materials; inverse problems and imaging.

During the years since this book was first published in 1993 there have very few developments in the technology of magnetic particle inspection apart from improvements in instrumentation which has made the measurement of peak values of time varying currents practicable. The major changes have arisen from health and safety and environmental concerns. These involve chemicals and exposure of personnel to air-borne electromagnetic fields and long wave ultraviolet (UY.A). The changes in the acceptability of certain volatile halogenated hydrocar bons which led to the banning of 1, 1, 1 thichloroethane in 1995 were evident in 1993. The present discussions concerning the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in general was also current and has now reached a stage where the effects of these deliberations will become evident over the next few years. Concerns over the exposure of personnel to airborne electromagnetic fields has been current for some years as has discussions to the effects of long wave ultraviolet (UY.A) on human skin. Recommendations as to maximum permit ted exposures over periods of time to both of these phenomena have been put forward and will doubtless form the basis of future legislation on the matter. A number of new specifications have appeared notably EN (European) and ISO specifications and some of these are still in preparation. Generally their impact will be minimal since these specifications are largely derived from existing documentation."

The main aim of this book is to provide a concise guide to the penetrant inspection method of non-destructive testing. The emphasis is practical and is aimed at indicating how the various processes can be applied. The book begins with a survey of the history of the technology and the introduction of non-destructive testing. It goes on to discuss the penetrant process itself, its development, principles of the processes, techniques, choice of methods and the equipment that can be used. It also examines the quality control of penetrant materials and processes. The final chapters deal with health and safety and the management of penetrant waste.

The standard reference book on the mechanical characteristics and testing of metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites. Key Features: Describes the basics of mechanical behavior with in-depth coverage on testing methods for metals, plastics, ceramics and composites. Articles describe the purpose, equipment, fixturing, data evaluation, and typical applications for standard and emerging mechanical tests. Comparative mechanical properties and the mechanical characteristics of metals, plastics, and ceramics are included throughout for general reference. Updated references to ISO, ASTM, DIN, EN, JIS and other standards are also included throughout for metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites. Contents Include: Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals and Nonmetallic Materials Mechanical Testing of Polymers and Ceramics Mechanical Properties and Testing for Design Mechanical Testing for Metalworking processes Testing Machines and Strain Sensors Accreditation of Mechanical-Testing Laboratories Tension, Compression, Bend, and Shear Testing Hardness Testing Friction, Wear, and Surface Testing Creep and Stress-Relaxtion Testing High-Strain-Rate Testing Impact-Toughness Testing and Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Testing Component Testing Property-Comparison Tables Glossary of Terms Index.

This second edition of the Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete presents a comprehensive review of the various nondestructive methods for evaluating concrete both in the field and in the laboratory. The book describes the operating principles for each method presented and provides practical information that facilitates performing the tests and interpreting the results. Written by recognized specialists, the handbook contains the latest information on the nondestructive testing of concrete and discusses new techniques. It is an excellent reference on the applications of mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic methods of evaluating concretes.

Experimental Techniques in Materials and Mechanics provides a detailed yet easy-to-follow treatment of various techniques useful for characterizing the structure and mechanical properties of materials. With an emphasis on techniques most commonly used in laboratories, the book enables students to understand practical aspects of the methods and derive the maximum possible information from the experimental results obtained. The text focuses on crystal structure determination, optical and scanning electron microscopy, phase diagrams and heat treatment, and different types of mechanical testing methods. Each chapter follows a similar format: Discusses the importance of each technique Presents the necessary theoretical and background details Clarifies concepts with numerous worked-out examples Provides a detailed description of the experiment to be conducted and how the data could be tabulated and interpreted Includes a large number of illustrations, figures, and micrographs Contains a wealth of exercises and references for further reading Bridging the gap between lecture and lab, this text gives students hands-on experience using mechanical engineering and materials science/engineering techniques for determining the structure and properties of materials. After completing the book, students will be able to confidently perform experiments in the lab and extract valuable data from the experimental results.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is of worldwide significance, and is strongly related to the detection of damage in engineering structures (buildings, bridges, aircrafts, ships, pressure vessels, etc.) using non-invasive techniques (ultrasound, X-rays, Radar, neutrons, thermography, vibrations, acoustic emission, etc.). Emerging Technologies in Non-Destructive Testing VI includes the contributions to the 6th International Conference in Non-Destructive Testing (Brussels, Belgium, 27-29 May 2015). The book intends to give the latest updates in the field of NDT, and is organized in chapters on high impact subjects, such as: - Applications of NDT methods related to cultural heritage structures; - Materials like ceramics, polymer and composites; - Railways; - Glass panels; - Steel structures; - Wind turbines, and - Aerospace structures. Other subjects include the monitoring of 3D-printed components, self-healing mechanisms in concrete, and applications of NDT in biological materials. Emerging Technologies in Non-Destructive Testing VI provides insight in the latest developments in the different techniques with a huge social impact. In addition, it facilitates the exchange of ideas among scientists and the industry, disseminating academic knowledge to society - and the other way around: giving feedback from the experience of practitioners to academia.

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspection schemes are important in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. By correctly applying techniques of NDE, we can reduce machine and system failures and increase reliability of operating systems over an extended lifetime. Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool in Design, Manufacturing, and Service introduces and discusses primary techniques used in the field, including ultrasonics, acoustic emission, magnetics, radiography, penetrants, and eddy currents. Examples of each of these techniques are included, demonstrating typical applications.

This handbook covers the complete spectrum of technology dealing with heat-resistant materials, including high-temperature characteristics, effects of processing and microstructure on high-temperature properties, materials selection guidelines for industrial applications, and life-assessment methods. Also included is information on comparative properties that allows the ranking of alloy performance, effects of processing and microstructure on high-temperature properties, high-temperature oxidation and corrosion-resistant coatings for superalloys, and design guidelines for applications involving creep and/or oxidation. Contents: General introduction (high-temperature materials characteristics, and mechanical and corrosion properties, and industrial applications); Properties of Ferrous Heat-Resistant Alloys (carbon, alloy, and stainless steels; alloy cast irons; and high alloy cast steels); Properties of superalloys (metallurgy and processing, mechanical and corrosion properties, degradation, and protective coatings); Properties of Nonferrous Heat-Resistant Materials (Ti and Ti alloys, refractory metals and alloys, Ni-Cr and Ni-ThO2 alloys, Intermetallics, ceramics, cermets, cemented carbides, and C-C composites); Special Topics (including creep-rupture sata assessment and use, thermal and thermomechanical fatigue, elevated-temperature crack growth, creep fatigue interaction and design for high-temperature applications and oxidation).

Ultrasonic wave techniques are used increasingly in areas ranging from non-destructive inspection of materials to medical diagnosis. This book brings together basic physics and modern applications. It explains the physical principles of wave propagation and then relates them to ultrasonic wave mechanics and the more recent guided wave techniques that are used to inspect and evaluate aircraft, power plants, and pipelines in chemical processing plants. Among topics covered are wave propagation in plates, rods, hollow cylinders, and multiple layers in solid and composite materials; reflection and refraction; surface and subsurface waves; and horizontal shear wave propagation. Appendices provide background information on ultrasonic non-destructive testing, elasticity theory, and complex variables, and key wave propagation experiments. The text is amplified with numerous examples, laboratory experiments, and homework exercises. Graduate students, researchers, and practising engineers will find Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media an invaluable reference to this active field.

It is certainly eagerness of every manufacturer to be able to look through a finished product without destroying it. Indeed, using modern technology within the application of some physical principles makes it possible to really travel inside the matter and see the invisible. Nondestructive inspection, non destructive testing and non destructive evaluation are today recurrent terms in many fields from the high-tech development to the past footsteps conservation. This book collects theories and practices for several different non-destructive inspection techniques, which is certainly a great advantage since it facilitates the user's choice, while it may be breeding ground for generating and promoting new ideas for a better exploitation of a specific technique.

The authors of this book present and review data on non-destructive testing discussing such topics as: a novel non-contacting thermoelectric method for non-destructive detection of material imperfections in metals by magnetic sensing; laser generated ultrasound as a tool for defect detection combined with air-coupled receivers; the photothermal deflection technique; thermal diagnostic testing; and acoustic microscopy.

Handbook Of Photon Interaction Coefficients In Radioisotope-Excited X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

Problems and defects of all kinds arise in the development and use of mechanical devises, electrical equipment, hydraulic systems, transportation mechanisms and the like. However, an extremely wide range of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are available to help you examine these different problems and various defects in an assortment of materials under varying circumstances. It is imperative that you select the best method to solve a particular problem. And that requires a sufficient understanding of the basic processes involved to realize the advantages of each NDT method available. Practical hints and pertinent comments for the resolution of day to day problems, this book will give you sufficient basic theory to comprehend the principles of each method so that the most appropriate method can be selected and used to its fullest advantage. Typical illustrative calculations and a comprehensive bibliography are provided. This book will be particularly useful to advanced technicians involved with high level NDT training, engineers concerned with quality control, general scientists and technologists dealing with materials problems but who are not NDT specialists, and engineering students taking a course in NDT. Special Features Include: Basic theory, neither oversimplified nor at an advanced research level, to help the practitioner make the correct choice. Hints and comments on each method Extensive bibliography for further information sources.

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanning has been widely used for medical diagnosis. This technique is now attracting increasing interest as a tool in non-destructive testing in engineering. This book reports the early results of research into this application, with particular reference to deformation and failure of geomaterials.

Presenting papers of the International Workshop on X-CT for Geomaterials at Kumamoto, Japan in 2003. The book is intended for researchers and professionals in the fields of geotechnical engineering, soil, rock and concrete engineering, and geology.

Since its development in the late 1970s, the MoirA(c) Fringe method has become a standard technique for the measurement of the behavior of materials and structures. Edited by one of the co-inventors of the technique, the Handbook of MoirA(c) Measurement brings together a series of extended case studies from recognized experts in the field. The emphasis is on the application of the method to real situations, and presents a very readable account of the technique from the point of view of the user. As an introduction to the MoirA(c) technique and its variants, this book will be of interest to readers at all levels, but is particularly suitable for undergraduates and graduate students in physics, materials science, and structural and mechanical engineering.

Many concrete structures and elements of concrete infrastructure have exceeded their original design lives and are deteriorating to an extent where they are becoming dangerous. The deterioration can be internal or not obvious and therefore only shows up with detailed testing. Non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, Volume 1: Deterioration processes and standard test methods reviews the processes of deterioration and classical and standard test methods.
Part one discusses deterioration of reinforced concrete and testing problems with chapters on topics such as key issues in the non-destructive testing of concrete structures, when to use non-destructive testing of reinforced concrete structures, deterioration processes in reinforced concrete, modelling ageing and corrosion processes in reinforced concrete structures, components in concrete and their impact on quality, and predicting the service life of reinforced concrete structures. Part two reviews classical and standard testing methods including microscopic examination of deteriorated concrete, the analysis of solid components and their ratios in reinforced concrete structures, the determination of chlorides in concrete structures, and investigating the original water content of reinforced concrete structures.
With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, Volume 1: Deterioration processes and standard test methods will be a standard reference for civil and structural engineers as well as those concerned with making decisions regarding the safety of reinforced concrete structures.
Provides a comprehensive discussion from examination of the components in concrete and their affect on quality through to the role of and tools required for lifetime managementExperts in the field identify the testing problems associated with infrastructure considering design, build and maintenance stagesPresents a guide for when to use non-destructive testing of reinforced concrete structures including the role of time in testing

This is a comprehensive four-part handbook that covers all aspects of non-destructive evaluation with charged-particles, photons and neutrons. The basics of radiation are covered in Part I, which includes: sources, modifying (interaction) physics, detection and safety. Part II discusses the techniques of transmission, scattering, emission and absorption. Part III presents the application of these techniques for probing, gauging, elemental-analysis and imaging. Examples of applications in a wide variety of industrial fields are also given. These are classified by application area in a special index. Part IV addresses design aspects, such as choosing the proper radiation source, detector and technique; addressing experimental and calculation problems; and dealing with licensing and intellectual property issues.

This book provides students, engineers, industrial physicists, and experts in the field with an inclusive source of streamlined information. Researchers and instrument developers will find an extensive list of references and helpful suggestions for tackling problems and challenges.