Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Bertrand Russell was a prolific writer, revolutionizing philosophy and doing extensive work in the study of logic. This, his first book on mathematics, was originally published in 1897 and later rejected by the author himself because it was unable to support Einstein's work in physics. This evolution makes An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry invaluable in understanding the progression of Russell's philosophical thinking. Despite his rejection of it, Essays continues to be a great work in logic and history, providing readers with an explanation for how Euclidean geometry was replaced by more advanced forms of math. British philosopher and mathematician BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL (1872-1970) won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. Among his many works are Why I Am Not a Christian (1927), Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), and My Philosophical Development (1959).

This book presents the proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Hermitian Symmetric Spaces and Submanifolds, which was held at the Kyungpook National University from June 21 to 25, 2016. The Workshop was supported by the Research Institute of Real and Complex Manifolds (RIRCM) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). The Organizing Committee invited 30 active geometers of differential geometry and related fields from all around the globe to discuss new developments for research in the area. These proceedings provide a detailed overview of recent topics in the field of real and complex submanifolds.

This book draws a colorful and widespread picture of global affine hypersurface theory up to the most recent state. Moreover, the recent development revealed that affine differential geometry - as differential geometry in general - has an exciting intersection area with other fields of interest, like partial differential equations, global analysis, convex geometry and Riemann surfaces. The second edition of this monograph leads the reader from introductory concepts to recent research. Since the publication of the first edition in 1993 there appeared important new contributions, like the solutions of two different affine Bernstein conjectures, due to Chern and Calabi, respectively. Moreover, a large subclass of hyperbolic affine spheres were classified in recent years, namely the locally strongly convex Blaschke hypersurfaces that have parallel cubic form with respect to the Levi-Civita connection of the Blaschke metric. The authors of this book present such results and new methods of proof.

This monograph presents the basic concepts of hyperbolic Lobachevsky geometry and their possible applications to modern nonlinear applied problems in mathematics and physics, summarizing the findings of roughly the last hundred years. The central sections cover the classical building blocks of hyperbolic Lobachevsky geometry, pseudo spherical surfaces theory, net geometrical investigative techniques of nonlinear differential equations in partial derivatives, and their applications to the analysis of the physical models. As the sine-Gordon equation appears to have profound "geometrical roots" and numerous applications to modern nonlinear problems, it is treated as a universal "object" of investigation, connecting many of the problems discussed. The aim of this book is to form a general geometrical view on the different problems of modern mathematics, physics and natural science in general in the context of non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry.

Despite its importance in the history of Ancient science, Menelaus' Spherics is still by and large unknown. This treatise, which lies at the foundation of spherical geometry, is lost in Greek but has been preserved in its Arabic versions. The reader will find here, for the first time edited and translated into English, the essentials of this tradition, namely: a fragment of an early Arabic translation and the first Arabic redaction of the Spherics composed by al-Mahani /al-Harawi, together with a historical and mathematical study of Menelaus' treatise. With this book, a new and important part of the Greek and Arabic legacy to the history of mathematics comes to light. This book will be an indispensable acquisition for any reader interested in the history of Ancient geometry and science and, more generally, in Greek and Arabic science and culture.

What do the classification of algebraic surfaces, Weyl's dimension formula and maximal orders in central simple algebras have in common? All are related to a type of manifold called locally mixed symmetric spaces in this book. The presentation emphasizes geometric concepts and relations and gives each reader the "roter Faden", starting from the basics and proceeding towards quite advanced topics which lie at the intersection of differential and algebraic geometry, algebra and topology. Avoiding technicalities and assuming only a working knowledge of real Lie groups, the text provides a wealth of examples of symmetric spaces. The last two chapters deal with one particular case (Kuga fiber spaces) and a generalization (elliptic surfaces), both of which require some knowledge of algebraic geometry. Of interest to topologists, differential or algebraic geometers working in areas related to arithmetic groups, the book also offers an introduction to the ideas for non-experts.

The series is devoted to the publication of monographs and high-level textbooks in mathematics, mathematical methods and their applications. Apart from covering important areas of current interest, a major aim is to make topics of an interdisciplinary nature accessible to the non-specialist. The works in this series are addressed to advanced students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical physics. In addition, it can serve as a guide for lectures and seminars on a graduate level. The series de Gruyter Studies in Mathematics was founded ca. 35 years ago by the late Professor Heinz Bauer and Professor Peter Gabriel with the aim to establish a series of monographs and textbooks of high standard, written by scholars with an international reputation presenting current fields of research in pure and applied mathematics. While the editorial board of the Studies has changed with the years, the aspirations of the Studies are unchanged. In times of rapid growth of mathematical knowledge carefully written monographs and textbooks written by experts are needed more than ever, not least to pave the way for the next generation of mathematicians. In this sense the editorial board and the publisher of the Studies are devoted to continue the Studies as a service to the mathematical community. Please submit any book proposals to Niels Jacob. Titles in planning include Flavia Smarazzo and Alberto Tesei, Measure Theory: Radon Measures, Young Measures, and Applications to Parabolic Problems (2019) Elena Cordero and Luigi Rodino, Time-Frequency Analysis of Operators (2019) Mark M. Meerschaert, Alla Sikorskii, and Mohsen Zayernouri, Stochastic and Computational Models for Fractional Calculus, second edition (2020) Mariusz Lemanczyk, Ergodic Theory: Spectral Theory, Joinings, and Their Applications (2020) Marco Abate, Holomorphic Dynamics on Hyperbolic Complex Manifolds (2021) Miroslava Antic, Joeri Van der Veken, and Luc Vrancken, Differential Geometry of Submanifolds: Submanifolds of Almost Complex Spaces and Almost Product Spaces (2021) Kai Liu, Ilpo Laine, and Lianzhong Yang, Complex Differential-Difference Equations (2021) Rajendra Vasant Gurjar, Kayo Masuda, and Masayoshi Miyanishi, Affine Space Fibrations (2022)

The text presents the birational classification of holomorphic foliations of surfaces. It discusses at length the theory developed by L.G. Mendes, M. McQuillan and the author to study foliations of surfaces in the spirit of the classification of complex algebraic surfaces.

The package of Gromov's pseudo-holomorphic curves is a major tool in global symplectic geometry and its applications, including mirror symmetry and Hamiltonian dynamics. The Kuranishi structure was introduced by two of the authors of the present volume in the mid-1990s to apply this machinery on general symplectic manifolds without assuming any specific restrictions. It was further amplified by this book's authors in their monograph Lagrangian Intersection Floer Theory and in many other publications of theirs and others. Answering popular demand, the authors now present the current book, in which they provide a detailed, self-contained explanation of the theory of Kuranishi structures. Part I discusses the theory on a single space equipped with Kuranishi structure, called a K-space, and its relevant basic package. First, the definition of a K-space and maps to the standard manifold are provided. Definitions are given for fiber products, differential forms, partitions of unity, and the notion of CF-perturbations on the K-space. Then, using CF-perturbations, the authors define the integration on K-space and the push-forward of differential forms, and generalize Stokes' formula and Fubini's theorem in this framework. Also, "virtual fundamental class" is defined, and its cobordism invariance is proved. Part II discusses the (compatible) system of K-spaces and the process of going from "geometry" to "homological algebra". Thorough explanations of the extension of given perturbations on the boundary to the interior are presented. Also explained is the process of taking the "homotopy limit" needed to handle a system of infinitely many moduli spaces. Having in mind the future application of these chain level constructions beyond those already known, an axiomatic approach is taken by listing the properties of the system of the relevant moduli spaces and then a self-contained account of the construction of the associated algebraic structures is given. This axiomatic approach makes the exposition contained here independent of previously published construction of relevant structures.

The word barycentric is derived from the Greek word barys (heavy), and refers to center of gravity. Barycentric calculus is a method of treating geometry by considering a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which weights are ascribed. Hence, in particular, barycentric calculus provides excellent insight into triangle centers. This unique book on barycentric calculus in Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry provides an introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of novel triangle centers in hyperbolic geometry along with analogies they share with familiar triangle centers in Euclidean geometry. As such, the book uncovers magnificent unifying notions that Euclidean and hyperbolic triangle centers share. In his earlier books the author adopted Cartesian coordinates, trigonometry and vector algebra for use in hyperbolic geometry that is fully analogous to the common use of Cartesian coordinates, trigonometry and vector algebra in Euclidean geometry. As a result, powerful tools that are commonly available in Euclidean geometry became available in hyperbolic geometry as well, enabling one to explore hyperbolic geometry in novel ways. In particular, this new book establishes hyperbolic barycentric coordinates that are used to determine various hyperbolic triangle centers just as Euclidean barycentric coordinates are commonly used to determine various Euclidean triangle centers. The hunt for Euclidean triangle centers is an old tradition in Euclidean geometry, resulting in a repertoire of more than three thousand triangle centers that are known by their barycentric coordinate representations. The aim of this book is to initiate a fully analogous hunt for hyperbolic triangle centers that will broaden the repertoire of hyperbolic triangle centers provided here.

Wearing Gauss's Jersey focuses on "Gauss problems," problems that can be very tedious and time consuming when tackled in a traditional, straightforward way but if approached in a more insightful fashion, can yield the solution much more easily and elegantly. The book shows how mathematical problem solving can be fun and how students can improve their mathematical insight, regardless of their initial level of knowledge. Illustrating the underlying unity in mathematics, it also explores how problems seemingly unrelated on the surface are actually extremely connected to each other. Each chapter starts with easy problems that demonstrate the simple insight/mathematical tools necessary to solve problems more efficiently. The text then uses these simple tools to solve more difficult problems, such as Olympiad-level problems, and develop more complex mathematical tools. The longest chapters investigate combinatorics as well as sequences and series, which are some of the most well-known Gauss problems. These topics would be very tedious to handle in a straightforward way but the book shows that there are easier ways of tackling them.

This unique book overturns our ideas about non-Euclidean geometry and the fine-structure constant, and attempts to solve long-standing mathematical problems. It describes a general theory of 'recursive' hyperbolic functions based on the 'Mathematics of Harmony,' and the 'golden,' 'silver,' and other 'metallic' proportions. Then, these theories are used to derive an original solution to Hilbert's Fourth Problem for hyperbolic and spherical geometries. On this journey, the book describes the 'golden' qualitative theory of dynamical systems based on 'metallic' proportions. Finally, it presents a solution to a Millennium Problem by developing the Fibonacci special theory of relativity as an original physical-mathematical solution for the fine-structure constant. It is intended for a wide audience who are interested in the history of mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry, Hilbert's mathematical problems, dynamical systems, and Millennium Problems.See Press Release: Application of the mathematics of harmony - Golden non-Euclidean geometry in modern math

Complex Analysis is the powerful fusion of the complex numbers (involving the 'imaginary' square root of -1) with ordinary calculus, resulting in a tool that has been of central importance to science for more than 200 years. This book brings this majestic and powerful subject to life by consistently using geometry (not calculation) as the means of explanation. The 501 diagrams of the original edition embodied geometrical arguments that (for the first time) replaced the long and often opaque computations of the standard approach, in force for the previous 200 years, providing direct, intuitive, visual access to the underlying mathematical reality. This new 25th Anniversary Edition introduces brand-new captions that fully explain the geometrical reasoning, making it possible to read the work in an entirely new way-as a highbrow comic book!

This exposition provides the state-of-the art on the differential geometry of hypersurfaces in real, complex, and quaternionic space forms. Special emphasis is placed on isoparametric and Dupin hypersurfaces in real space forms as well as Hopf hypersurfaces in complex space forms. The book is accessible to a reader who has completed a one-year graduate course in differential geometry. The text, including open problems and an extensive list of references, is an excellent resource for researchers in this area. Geometry of Hypersurfaces begins with the basic theory of submanifolds in real space forms. Topics include shape operators, principal curvatures and foliations, tubes and parallel hypersurfaces, curvature spheres and focal submanifolds. The focus then turns to the theory of isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres. Important examples and classification results are given, including the construction of isoparametric hypersurfaces based on representations of Clifford algebras. An in-depth treatment of Dupin hypersurfaces follows with results that are proved in the context of Lie sphere geometry as well as those that are obtained using standard methods of submanifold theory. Next comes a thorough treatment of the theory of real hypersurfaces in complex space forms. A central focus is a complete proof of the classification of Hopf hypersurfaces with constant principal curvatures due to Kimura and Berndt. The book concludes with the basic theory of real hypersurfaces in quaternionic space forms, including statements of the major classification results and directions for further research.

The aim of these lecture notes is to propose a systematic framework for geometry and analysis on metric spaces. The central notion is a partition (an iterated decomposition) of a compact metric space. Via a partition, a compact metric space is associated with an infinite graph whose boundary is the original space. Metrics and measures on the space are then studied from an integrated point of view as weights of the partition. In the course of the text: It is shown that a weight corresponds to a metric if and only if the associated weighted graph is Gromov hyperbolic. Various relations between metrics and measures such as bilipschitz equivalence, quasisymmetry, Ahlfors regularity, and the volume doubling property are translated to relations between weights. In particular, it is shown that the volume doubling property between a metric and a measure corresponds to a quasisymmetry between two metrics in the language of weights. The Ahlfors regular conformal dimension of a compact metric space is characterized as the critical index of p-energies associated with the partition and the weight function corresponding to the metric. These notes should interest researchers and PhD students working in conformal geometry, analysis on metric spaces, and related areas.

This book presents the proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Hermitian Symmetric Spaces and Submanifolds, which was held at the Kyungpook National University from June 21 to 25, 2016. The Workshop was supported by the Research Institute of Real and Complex Manifolds (RIRCM) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). The Organizing Committee invited 30 active geometers of differential geometry and related fields from all around the globe to discuss new developments for research in the area. These proceedings provide a detailed overview of recent topics in the field of real and complex submanifolds.

Inspired by classical geometry, geometric group theory has in turn provided a variety of applications to geometry, topology, group theory, number theory and graph theory. This carefully written textbook provides a rigorous introduction to this rapidly evolving field whose methods have proven to be powerful tools in neighbouring fields such as geometric topology. Geometric group theory is the study of finitely generated groups via the geometry of their associated Cayley graphs. It turns out that the essence of the geometry of such groups is captured in the key notion of quasi-isometry, a large-scale version of isometry whose invariants include growth types, curvature conditions, boundary constructions, and amenability. This book covers the foundations of quasi-geometry of groups at an advanced undergraduate level. The subject is illustrated by many elementary examples, outlooks on applications, as well as an extensive collection of exercises.

The text presents the birational classification of holomorphic foliations of surfaces.  It discusses at length the theory developed by L.G. Mendes, M. McQuillan and the author to study foliations of surfaces  in the spirit of the classification of complex algebraic surfaces.

This exposition provides the state-of-the art on the differential geometry of hypersurfaces in real, complex, and quaternionic space forms. Special emphasis is placed on isoparametric and Dupin hypersurfaces in real space forms as well as Hopf hypersurfaces in complex space forms. The book is accessible to a reader who has completed a one-year graduate course in differential geometry. The text, including open problems and an extensive list of references, is an excellent resource for researchers in this area. Geometry of Hypersurfaces begins with the basic theory of submanifolds in real space forms. Topics include shape operators, principal curvatures and foliations, tubes and parallel hypersurfaces, curvature spheres and focal submanifolds. The focus then turns to the theory of isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres. Important examples and classification results are given, including the construction of isoparametric hypersurfaces based on representations of Clifford algebras. An in-depth treatment of Dupin hypersurfaces follows with results that are proved in the context of Lie sphere geometry as well as those that are obtained using standard methods of submanifold theory. Next comes a thorough treatment of the theory of real hypersurfaces in complex space forms. A central focus is a complete proof of the classification of Hopf hypersurfaces with constant principal curvatures due to Kimura and Berndt. The book concludes with the basic theory of real hypersurfaces in quaternionic space forms, including statements of the major classification results and directions for further research.