This volume contains the papers accepted for presentation at the Fourth International Symposium on Programming Language Implementation and Logic Programming (PLILP '92) held in Leuven, Belgium, August 26-28, 1992. Theaim of the symposium was to explore new declarative concepts, methods and techniques relevant for implementation of all kinds of programming languages, whether algorithmic or declarative. The symposium gathered researchers from the fields of algorithmic programming languages as well as logic, functional, and object-oriented programming. The topics discussed in the volume include: - Declarative implementation techniques; - Implementation of declarative concepts and modules; - Compiler specification and construction; - Program transformation; - Programming environments for declarative languages; - Amalgamation of logic programming with algorithmic, functional, or object-oriented techniques; - Executable specification.

The main aim of this monograph is to provide a framework for the integrated design of object-oriented programs with algebraic specification techniques. The design method pursued relies fundamentally on the structuring of systems based on the notion of data types. Depending on the level of abstraction, data types are described in an object-oriented way by algebraic specifications or by machine-executable object-oriented programs. The treatment involves two main aspects. First, object-oriented programs have to be related by a notion of correctness that models the transition from specifications to program implementations. The author presents a notion of correctness which relies on the idea of abstraction functions. Second, in order to obtain an integrated design environment, a uniform structuring concept for object oriented programs and algebraic specifications has to be provided. Inheritance, subtyping and clientship are three central notions of object-oriented structuring. Theauthor uses them to develop the kernel of a typed object- oriented programming language. The monograph provides the formal foundation for a unified framework of algebraic specifications and object-oriented programs. A major guideline is the development of a design method supporting the structured design and reuse of software in this environment.

This collection of papers draws together a variety of approaches for adding ob ject orientation to the Z formal specification language. These papers are not a conference proceedings, but have a slightly more complicated his tory. This work has grown and evolved from some work originally done in the ZIP project, under the United Kingdom's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) IED initiative. ZIP is a three year project which aims to make the use of the Z specification language more widespread. It hopes to achieve this by producing a standard for Zj developing a method for Zj building tool support for Zj and carrying out research into refinement, proof and concurrency in Z. The ZIP methods work includes performing a survey of current Z practitioners (reported in [Barden et al. 1992])j investigating current styles and methods of Z usagej and developing a Z Method handbook (available early in 1993). As part of this work, we carried out a comparative study of the ways in which object orientation has been combined with Z. A summary of that work has been published as [Stepney et al. 1992].

This volume is the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Deductive and Object-Oriented Databases (DOOD). During the last decade, deductive and object-oriented systems have received a great deal of attention, but for the most part these two fields were evolving independently of each other. Today there is a large body of work suggesting that the deductive and object-oriented paradigms complement each other. The object-oriented paradigm is characterized by its view of the data, whereby information is grouped around objects with complex internal structure accessed via methods. The declarative paradigm is centered around the idea that data manipulation must be done through a declarative, logic-based language. It is hoped that these two aspects, brought together in one system, will provide an integrated framework fora new database technology. The DOOD conference brings together researchers and developers in the fields of deductive and object-oriented databases to stimulate technical discussion and accelerate the integration of the two technologies. This volume contains 28 contributed papers (selected from 98 submissions) and two invited papers by world-renowned researchers.

Logic and object-orientation have come to be recognized as being among the most powerful paradigms for modeling information systems. The term "information systems" is used here in a very general context to denote database systems, software development systems, knowledge base systems, proof support systems, distributed systems and reactive systems. One of the most vigorously researched topics common to all information systems is "formal modeling." An elegant high-level abstraction applicable to both application domain and system domain concepts will always lead to a system design from "outside in"; that is, the aggregation of ideas is around real-life objects about which the system is to be designed. Formal methods \yhen applied with this view in mind, especially during early stages of system development, can lead to a formal reasoning on the intended properties, thus revealing system flaws that might otherwise be discovered much later. Logic in different styles and semantics is being used to model databases and their transactions; it is also used to specify concurrent, distributed, real-time, and reactive systems., The notion of "object" is central to the modeling of object oriented databases, as well as object-oriented design and programs in software engineering. Both database and software engineering communities have undoubtedly made important contributions to formalisms based on logic and objects. It is worthwhile bringing together the ideas developed by the two communities in isolation, and focusing on integrating their common strengths."

This volume contains selected papers from the symposium "New Results and NewTrends in Computer Science" held in Graz, Austria, June 20-21, 1991. The symposium was organized to give a wide-ranging overview of new work in the field on the occasion of the fiftieth birthday of the editor of the volume. Topics covered include: information on neural nets, ideas on a new paradigm for informatics, hypermedia systems and applications, axioms for concurrent processes, techniques for image generation and compression, the role of data visualization, object-oriented programming andgraphics, algorithms for layout compaction, new methods in database systems, the future of data networks, object-oriented artificial intelligence, problems in data structures and sorting, aspects of user interfaces, a theory of structures, applications of cryptography, evaluation of Ada, results in algorithmic geometry, remarks on the history of computers, and a novel interpretation of machine learning. In total, the 26 high-level contributions authored by prominent experts from all over the world give an up-to-date survey of almost all subfields of computer science. The book is written in a style which is easy to follow, and it is of interest for any computer scientist, be it in research, teaching or practice.

Spatial database management has become an important subarea of current database research. Research in this area is often characterized by interdisciplinary cooperation: computer scientists work with geographers andenvironmental scientists to provide better access to spatial databases of steadily increasing size. After the First Symposium on Large Spatial Databases (SSD '89) was held in Santa Barbara, California, in 1989 (and its proceedings published as Volume 409 of this series), a second symposium (SSD'91) was held in Zurich, Switzerland. This proceedings volume contains the papers presented at SSD '91. Topics include spatial data models and access methods, performance studies, geometric algorithms, spatial query languages and user interfaces, geographic information systems, and object-oriented techniques.

This volume contains the papers which have been accepted for presentation atthe Third International Symposium on Programming Language Implementation andLogic Programming (PLILP '91) held in Passau, Germany, August 26-28, 1991. The aim of the symposium was to explore new declarative concepts, methods and techniques relevant for the implementation of all kinds of programming languages, whether algorithmic or declarative ones. The intention was to gather researchers from the fields of algorithmic programming languages as well as logic, functional and object-oriented programming. This volume contains the two invited talks given at the symposium by H. Ait-Kaci and D.B. MacQueen, 32 selected papers, and abstracts of several system demonstrations. The proceedings of PLILP '88 and PLILP '90 are available as Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volumes 348 and 456.

Over the last few years, object-oriented programming has been recognized as the best way currently available of structuring software systems. It emphasizes grouping together data and the operations performed on them, encapsulating the whole behind a clean interface, and organizing the resulting entities in a hierarchy based on specialization in functionality. In this way it provides excellent support for the construction of large systems. Up to now, there has been relatively little effort to develop formal theories of object-oriented programming. However, for the field to mature, a more formal understanding of the basic concepts of object-oriented programming is necessary. This volume presents the proceedings of the School/Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Programming (FOOL) held in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, May 28 - June 1, 1990. The workshop was an activity of the project REX (Research and Education in Concurrent Systems).

The emergence of new paradigms for data management raises a variety of exciting challenges. An important goal of database theory is to answer these challenges by providing sound foundations for the development of the field. This volume contains the papers selected for the third International Conference on Database Theory, ICDT'90. The conferences in this series are held biannually in beautiful European cities, Rome in 1986 and Bruges in 1988 with proceedings published as volumes 234 and 326 in the same series. ICDT'90 was organized in Paris by the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique. The conference features 2 invited presentations and 31 papers selected from 129 submissions. The papers describe original ideas and new results on the foundations of databases, knowledge bases, object-oriented databases, relational theory, transaction management, data structures and deductive databases. The volume offers a good overview of the state of the art and the current trends in database theory. It should be a valuable source of information for researchers interested in the field.

This volume presents the proceedings of the 1991 Symposium on Mathematical Fundamentals of Database and Knowledge Base Systems, held in Rostock, FRG, May 6-9, 1991. This is the third in a series of biannual MFDBS conferences, which in future will be held together with ICDT, the International Conference on Database Theory. MFDBS 91 covers new developments in theoretical aspects of database and knowledge base systems and the design of databases and knowledge bases. Topics of the conference are: database and knowledge base models; deductive database and knowledge base systems; logical, algebraic and combinatorial fundamentals of database theory and design of databases; object-oriented databases and object-oriented modeling; fundamentals of query languages, transaction processing, distributed databases, concurrency control, access strategies, recovery, security, privacy, safety; fundamentals for integrity constraints and consistency in databases; models for database machines; models for user interfaces; design and implementation of non-standard databases.

The algebraic specification of abstract data types is now a well establishedresearch topic in computer science. This area influences both applications and theoretical foundations of methodologies which support the design and formal development of reliable software. The Seventh Workshop on Specification of Abstract Data Types took place in Wusterhausen/Dosse, April17-20, 1990, and was organized in cooperation with the ESPRIT Basic Research Working Group COMPASS. The main topics covered by the workshop were: - Modularization - Object orientation - Higher-order types anddependent types - Inductive completion - Algebraic high-level nets.

The approach described in [JonSl, JonS3a, JonS3b] set out to extend operation decom- position methods for sequential programs - such as are used in VDM [Jon90] - to cover concurrent shared-variable systems. The essential step in [JonSl] was to recognise that 1 inter/erence had to be specified. This is necessary in order to achieve a notion of compo- sitionality - contrast [Owi75]. Rather than the many erudite definitions of composition- ality (e. g. [ZwiSS]), the view taken here is that, when a development task is decomposed into sub-tasks, these must be simpler than the original 'task. This is easy to achieve for sequential programs: decomposing a specified operation S into (Sl; S2), the specifica- tions of the Sj should neither include unnecessary information from each other nor from the context (i. e. S). An interesting discussion of the 'Quest for Compositionality' (in the context of concurrency) is contained in [dRS5, dRS6]. The rely/guarantee idea provided an existence proof that specifications and developments could be made powerful enough to cope with some forms of interference. The work initially attracted little attention but 2 3 there have recently been some critiques and attempts to extend the work * Most notably, Ketil St~len's thesis [St~90] addresses the main shortcomings of [JonSl]: the fact that no attempt had been made to handle synchronization has been remedied by adding a wait condition and other limitations of expressiveness have been shown to succumb to the judicious use of auxiliary variables.

ECOOP '91 is the fifth annual European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming. From their beginning, the ECOOP conferences have been very successful as a forum of high scientific quality where the newest devel- opments connected to object-oriented programming and related areas could be presented and discussed. Over the last few years object-oriented technology has gained widespread use and considerable popularity. In parallel with this, the field has matured scientifically, but there is still a lot of room for new ideas and for hot debates over fundamental issues, as these proceedings show. The 22 papers in this volume were selected by the programme committee from 129 submissions. Important issues discussed in the contributions are language design, specification, databases, concurrency types and software development.

Currently, the field of information systems technology is rapidly extending into several dimensions. There is the semantic dimension (including object orientation, data deduction and extended knowledge representation schemes), there is improved systems integration, and there are new tools. All these extensions aim to provide semantically richer and better engineered information systems that allow for more adequate and complete representations and thus extend the effective use of database technology to a wider class of applications. Database researchers and developers, whether they are committed to application or to system construction, are convinced that next-generation information system technology will be heavily determined by a handful of new concepts that they have to understand and work out in detail now. This volume concentrates on the following topics: - Extended data types and data models, database programming languages; - Rule-based data deduction, expert systems, knowledge bases; - Object orientation and semantic data modelling; - DB application development, methodologies and tools; - Interface technology, parallelism, interoperability, ...; - New database applications.

This volume is a collection of papers on topics focused around concurrency, based on research work presented at the UK/Japan Workshop held at Wadham College, Oxford, September 25-27, 1989. The volume is organized into four parts: - Papers on theoretical aspects of concurrency which reflect strong research activities in the UK, including theories on CCS and temporal logic RDL. - Papers on object orientation and concurrent languages which reflect major research activities on concurrency in Japan. The languages presented include extensions of C, Prolog and Lisp as well as object-based concurrent languages. - Papers on parallel architectures and VLSI logic, including a rewrite rule machine, a graph rewriting machine, and a dataflow architecture. - An overview of the workshop including the abstracts of the talks and the list of participants. The appendix gives a brief report of the first UK/Japan Workshop in Computer Science, held at Sendai, Japan, July 6-9, 1987.

This monograph reports the development of an approach to computer-aided control system design (CACSD). Of primary concern is the quality of cooperation between the designer and his computer. The designer is suggested to treat a CACSD problem as a search problem, in which he and the computer cooperate to locate satisfactory designs among sets of candidates. Interactive Multi-Objective Programming (IMOP) is employed to define the level of abstraction as well as the organization of the design facilities in the computer.

The papers included in this volume were presented at the Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction held from June 26 to 30, 1989. The conference was organized by the Department of Computing Science, Groningen University, The Netherlands, at the occasion of the University's 375th anniversary. The creative inspiration of the modern computer has led to the development of new mathematics, the mathematics of program construction. Initially concerned with the posterior verification of computer programs, the mathematics have now matured to the point where they are actively being used for the discovery of elegant solutions to new programming problems. Initially concerned specifically with imperative programming, the application of mathematical methodologies is now established as an essential part of all programming paradigms - functional, logic and object-oriented programming, modularity and type structure etc. Initially concerned with software only, the mathematics are also finding fruit in hardware design so that the traditional boundaries between the two disciplines have become blurred. The varieties of mathematics of program construction are wide-ranging. They include calculi for the specification of sequential and concurrent programs, program transformation and analysis methodologies, and formal inference systems for the construction and analysis of programs. The mathematics of specification, implementation and analysis have become indispensable tools for practical programming.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Seventh Logic Programming Conference that took place in Tokyo, April 11-14, 1988. It is the successor to the previous conference proceedings published as Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volumes 221, 264 and 315. The book covers various aspects of logic programming such as foundations, programming languages/systems, concurrent programming, knowledge bases, applications of computer-aided reasoning and natural language processing. The papers on foundations present theoretical results on "narrowing," a proof strategy for proving properties of Prolog programs based on inductionless induction and several issues in nonmonotonic reasoning. Of special interest to mathematicians is the paper on computer-aided reasoning, which describes a system for assisting human reasoning. Natural language application papers treat the lexical analysis of Japanese sentences, a system that generates a summary of a given sentence and a new knowledge representation formalism suited for representing dynamic behavior by extending the frame system.

This volume presents the proceedings of a conference on programming and programming languages. It contains original research contributions addressing fundamental issues and important developments in the design, specification and implementation of programming languages and systems. Topics include: - Program development: specification, methodology, tools, environments; - Programming language concepts: types, data abstraction, parallelism, real-time; - Language implementation techniques: compilers, interpreters, abstract machine design, optimization; - Programs as data objects: abstract interpretation, program transformation, partial evaluation; - Programming styles: imperative, functional, predicative, object-oriented.

Apple Watch is the sort of science-fiction gadget that people used to dream about as kids. What kinds of apps do you envision for this new device? If you're comfortable using OS X, Xcode, and iOS-and familiar with Swift-this concise book shows you the basics of building your own apps for this wrist-mounted computer with Apple's WatchKit framework. You'll learn what an Apple Watch is, what it isn't, and how and why people might interact with apps you build for it. This practical guide also examines the type of apps most suitable for this device, and shows you how to be a good citizen in the iOS/Watch ecosystem. Learn the Watch app lifecycle, and understand how these apps interact with the user's iPhone Build a Watch app and its iOS counterpart by adding controls, working with multiple screens, and sharing data Design a simple glance, the non-interactive Watch component that provides quick-look information Add functionality to the notification system, including actionable items, and display them on the Watch face Design and build complications, Watch-face gadgets that can display quick snapshots of information, including future events with Time Travel

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, 1/e Capturing a wealth of experience about the design of object-oriented software, four top-notch designers present a catalog of simple and succinct solutions to commonly occurring design problems. Previously undocumented, these 23 patterns allow designers to create more flexible, elegant, and ultimately reusable designs without having to rediscover the design solutions themselves. The authors begin by describing what patterns are and how they can help you design object-oriented software. They then go on to systematically name, explain, evaluate, and catalog recurring designs in object-oriented systems. With Design Patterns as your guide, you will learn how these important patterns fit into the software development process, and how you can leverage them to solve your own design problems most efficiently. Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development, 3/e Craig Larman again delivers a clear path for students to learn object-oriented analysis and design through his clear and precise writing style. Larman teaches newcomers to OOA/D learn how to "think in objects" by presenting three iterations of a single, cohesive case study, incrementally introducing the requirements and OOA/D activities, principles, and patterns that are most critical to success.