'This book brings to bear Professor Maggiolino's considerable skills as a comparative competition law scholar on what is perhaps the single most important competition policy issue facing us today - namely, how to use IP policy and competition policy in tandem to further both economic competition and competition in innovation. Professor Maggiolino's book covers a large range of IP practices by dominant firms where competition law can be invoked, including 'sham' litigation and product design, improper infringement actions, predation, and refusals to license. This book is well researched, well written, and completely up to date. Every serious competition law/antitrust and intellectual property scholar and practitioner should regard it as 'must' reading.' - From the foreword by Herbert Hovenkamp, University of IowaThis insightful book compares how the US and EU antitrust authorities have enforced Section 2 of the Sherman Act, and Article 102 of the TFEU against monopolists' practices involving intellectual property rights. The discussion comes in the wake of the great interest engendered by the interface between antitrust law and intellectual property rights, considering that the ongoing integration of markets pushes countries towards a harmonization of their legal systems. Mariateresa Maggiolino takes this inquiry forward by confronting the two jurisdictions' legal standards with current economic thinking, and discusses the policy suggestions that result. In addition, topics that are usually treated separately are effectively combined. The legal analysis is frequently connected and compared to the past and present economic thinking and Mariateresa Maggiolino expertly embraces the historical, cultural and policy perspectives. This unique book will therefore prove enriching for academics and postgraduate students of law and industrial organization. Contents: Preface by Herbert Hovenkamp; Introduction; 1. Antitrust Law, IPRs and Economics: the Leeway for Policy Choices; 2. Section 2 and Article 102(b): The Antitrust Roots of the Antitrust-IP Interface; 3. Ownership of IPRs; 4. Predatory System Innovations; 5. Refusals to license IPRs; 6. IP Judicial and Administrative Processes; 7. Conclusion; Bibliography

In the Information Age, historically marginalized groups and developing nations continue to strive for socio-economic empowerment within the global community. Their ultimate success largely depends upon their ability to develop, protect, and exploit their greatest natural resource: intellectual property. Through an exploration of the techniques used in social entrepreneurship, Intellectual Property, Entrepreneurship and Social Justice provides a framework by which historically marginalized communities and developing nations can cooperate with the developed world to establish a socially cohesive global intellectual property order. The knowledgeable contributors discuss, in four parts, topics surrounding entrepreneurship and empowerment, education and advocacy, engagement and activism and, finally, commencement. Experts in the field, scholars, law professors and students of intellectual property, human rights and international trade and development will find this book to be both thought-provoking and a valuable resource. Contributors: D.M. Conway, S. Ghosh, L.J. Gibbons, M. Gollin, R.S. Heimes, P. Lyfoung, A. McGeehan, C. McNulty, L. Mtima, L.E. Mulraine, J.R. Whitman, V. Rawlston Wilson, P.K. Yu

This fully revised and updated edition of Intellectual Property Rights for Engineers addresses recent developments in the area. The book explains the general principles behind the law protecting innovation, quoting cases from the engineering domain in order to clarify legal issues. Chapters outline the basic rights through automatic protection (copyright, design right) and registration systems (patent, registered design, trade mark), and also discusses the issues surrounding confidential information. The book clarifies precisely who owns the rights and how their use is constrained by EC law, and goes on to explain how to license or even litigate when necessary. Finally, strategic aspects for decision-making and management are discussed.

'A valuable and distinctive contribution to the penumbra debate, refreshingly shedding light on some of the cliches of copyright, and alerting readers to the extra-legal factors that cannot be ignored in any socially-embedded study of copyright' - Stuart Hannabuss, Aberdeen Business School 'Bootlegging is a smart, provocative and highly readable analysis of the high theory and low practices of music copyright and its transgressors. It is most refreshing to read a sociological analysis of a topic usually left to lawyers and industry apologists. An essential book for anyone who wants to understand the contemporary music industry' Simon Frith - Professor of Film and Media Studies, University of Stirling. Bootlegs - live concert recordings or studio outtakes reproduced without the permission of the rights holder - hold a prominent position in the pantheon of popular music. They are also much misrepresented and this fascinating book constitutes the first full length academic treatment of the subject. By examining the centrality of Romantic authorship to both copyright and the music industry, the author highlights the mutual dependence of capitalism and Romanticism, which situates the individual as the key creative force while challenging the commodification of art and self. Marshall reveals how the desire for bootlegs is driven by the same ideals of authenticity employed by the legitimate industry in its copyright rhetoric and practice and demonstrates how bootlegs exist as an antagonistic but necessary component of an industry that does much to prevent them. This book will be of great interest to researchers and students in the sociology of culture, social theory, cultural studies and law.

Three major contributions [of Patents Misuse and Antitrust Law] stand out. First, it illustrates as well as any other work how to bridge the study of antitrust law and patent law... A second and related feature is Professor Lim's excellent use of historical narratives to show how patent misuse concepts have developed over time... A third impressive dimension is its powerful empirical orientation. Professor Lim combines a comprehensive examination of misuse cases with extensive interviews to demonstrate how theory meets practice. In these respects and others, Patent Misuse and Antitrust Law broadens and extends the emerging path of a refreshing new scholarship that links antitrust and patent law. --From the foreword by Prof. William E. Kovacic, former Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, Global Competition Professor of Law and Policy, George Washington University Law School 'The age old debate as to whether patents are simply a property right in that any trespassing on the property should be punishable, or whether they are tools of economic policy so that questions of misuse can arise when they are not used to encourage commercial developments of new products, has become heated with the advent of patent assertion entities and the problems that arise when use of a patented invention is necessary to comply with an industry standard. Daryl Lim's timely book provides a sober background against which to consider such ideas and possible expansion of types of action that may give rise to claims of patent misuse in the future.' - John Richards, Partner, Ladas & Parry, LLP This unique book provides a comprehensive account of the patent misuse doctrine and its relationship with antitrust law. Created to remedy and discourage misconduct by patent owners a century ago, its proper role today is debated more than ever before. Innovation and competition take place in increasingly complex environments that demand a clear understanding of where illegality ends and legitimate corporate strategy begins. The book is an essential resource for the curious, the expert and all those engaged in deciding what patent misuse means and should mean today. In addition to in-depth doctrinal and policy perspectives, it looks at patent misuse through the eyes of today's leading practitioners, judges, government officials and academics. It also presents a qualitative analysis of modern misuse case law spanning 1953 to 2012. The result is a compelling account that lays out an important doctrinal, policy and empirical framework for future cases and scholarship. Patent law students and scholars will find the author's comprehensive study of popular and actual perceptions of the misuse doctrine a valuable resource, while practitioners, government officials and judges will appreciate the predictive value of the author's findings. Contents: Foreword by William E. Kovacic Preface Prologue Introduction 1. Misuse and Antitrust 2. A Brief History of Patent Misuse 3. The Anatomy of a Defense 4. Key Objections 5. Rethinking the Future of Patent Misuse 6. The Empirical Landscape of Misuse 7. Charting the Scope of Patent Misuse 8. Conclusion Index

The international intellectual property (IP) law system allows states to develop policies that reflect their national interests. Therefore, although there is an international minimum standards framework in place, states have widely varying IP laws and differing interpretations of these laws. This book examines whether pluralism in IP law is functional when applied to copyright, patents and trademarks on an international basis. The book is divided into four parts which focus on the interaction between global standards and national norms, pluralism within the framework of international norms, pluralistic functions of copyright and the flexibility applied to patent law. Within these themes, topical issues are addressed such as traditional knowledge, geographical indications, protecting plant varieties and freedom of expression. Contributors are drawn from a range of jurisdictions to provide a global outlook on the topics at hand. Researchers and scholars who are interested in international IP law and its applications will find this to be a valuable resource. Policy makers will also benefit from the contributors' insights on whether law reforms in their home jurisdictions have been effective and how these laws interact with the international IP system.

Despite increasing worldwide harmonization of intellectual property, driven by US patent reform and numerous EU Directives, the common law and civil law traditions still exert powerful and divergent influences on certain features of national IP systems. Drawing together the views and experiences of scholars and lawyers from the United States, Europe and Asia, this book examines how different characteristics embedded in national IP systems stem from differences in the fundamental legal principles of the two traditions. It questions whether these elements are destined to remain diverged, and tries to identify common ground that might facilitate a form of harmonization. Containing the most current and up-to-date IP issues from a global perspective, this book will be a valuable resource for IP and comparative law academics, law students, policy makers, as well as lawyers and in-house counsels. Contributors include: M. Adelman, T. Bodewig, G.E. Evans, M. Franzosi, S. Ghosh, S.J Jong, J. Krauss, M. LaFrance, A.L. Landers, S. Mehra, S.H. Naeve, F. Pollaud-Dulian, C. Rademacher, Y. Reboul, B. Sherman, J. Straus, M.T. Sundara Rajan, T. Takenaka, M. Trimble

This book contains the most current information on how to implement, develop and maintain an effective Corrective Action and Preventive Action (CAPA) and investigation program using a 9-step closed-loop process approach for medical device, pharmaceutical and biologic manufacturers, as well as any company or institution, which has to maintain a quality system. CAPA violations along with ineffective complaint investigations continue to be the number one cited violation of device warning letters for the past four years, leading the US Food and Drug Administration or FDA to remind firms to fully investigate complaints, find the root cause of nonconforming products and document their CAPA activities. A review of FDA warning letters issued to pharmaceutical companies reveals that most of these warning letters resulted from recurring failures, ineffective investigations found, and missing or inappropriate corrective and preventive actions. Companies often make the mistake of fixing problems in their processes by revising procedures or more commonly by 'retraining' employees that may or may not have caused the problem. This is typically event-focused. Companies then will make the false assumption that the errors have been eradicated. In many cases they will also consider the steps taken as their Preventive Action. The reality is that the causes of the failure were never actually determined; therefore the same problem will recur over and over. CAPA is a complete system that collects information regarding existing and potential quality problems. It analyzes and investigates the issues to identify the root cause of nonconformities. CAPA is not just a quick-fix, simple approach. It is a process and has to be understood throughout organizations. This book addresses all of the above issues, in a pragmatic, down- to-earth manner.

Photographers and publishers of photographs enjoy a wide range of legal rights including freedom of expression and of publication. They have a right to create and publish photographs. They may invoke their intellectual, moral and property rights to protect and enforce their rights in their created and/or published works. These rights are not absolute. This book analyses the various legal restrictions and prohibitions, which may affect these rights. Photography and the Law investigates the legal limitations faced by professional and amateur photographers and photograph publishers under Irish, UK and EU Law. Through an in-depth discussion of the personal rights of the public, including the right not to be harassed, the book gives a clear analysis of the current legal standpoint on the relationship between privacy and freedom of expression. Additionally, the book looks at the reconciliation of photographers' rights with the state's interest in public security and defence, alongside the enforcement of ethical and moral codes. Comparative legal standing in the European Union is used as a springboard to further analyse Irish and UK statutes and case law, including recent reforms and current proposals for future change. The book ends with pertinent suggestions of the necessary reforms and enactments required to rebalance the relationship between the personal rights of individuals, the state's duties and the protection of photographers' and photograph publishers' rights. By clearly explaining the theoretical and conceptual reasoning behind the current law, alongside proposed reforms, the book will be a useful tool for any student or academic interested in photography law, privacy and media law, alongside professional and amateur photographers and photograph publishers.

Exploring obstacles to effective compensation of victims of competition infringements, this book categorises the types of victims harmed and the types of losses arisen from these infringements to identify to what extent there is a need for enhanced private competition law enforcement in the European Union (EU) and the best way to address this need. It shows that there is a genuine need for facilitating consumer damages actions and that consumer claims are the only claims that can be pursued in a collective redress action. In order to compensate consumers and overcome barriers to effective enforcement of their right to damages, it structures a collective redress action for consumers by considering the following elements: i. the formation of the group, ii. the type of representative party iii. funding mechanisms and iv. calculation and distribution of damages.

The new edition of this acclaimed book gives a fully updated overview of European data protection law affecting companies, incorporating the important legal developments which have taken place since the last edition was published. These include the first three cases of the European Court of Justice interpreting the EU Data Protection Directive (95/46), the Commission's first report on the implementation of the Directive, the Data Retention Directive, new developments in international data transfers, conflicts between security requirements and data protection, and the implementation of the Electronic Communications and Privacy Directive 2002/58 in the Member States. It also covers the recent European Court of Justice decision on the controversial export of airline passenger data to the US, and expands its European overview to include the new and acceding Member States. The book contains comprehensive coverage of data protection law, while at the same time providing pragmatic guidance on the typical compliance issues that companies face. As globalization of the world economy continues, an increasing number of business issues with data protection implications have come to the foreground, for example, outsourcing, whistleblower hotlines and records management, all of which are covered in the book. The appendices have been expanded to include most sources which a company will need, such as the texts of relevant directives, the safe harbor principles and FAQs, and charts of implementation in the Member States of specific provisions of interest to business. Thus, the book is a single reference source for companies faced with data protection issues. A Chinese edition of the book was published in 2008, making it the first in-depth treatise on European data protection law published in Chinese.

For most countries, economic development involves a process of "catching up" with leading countries at the time. This is never achieved solely by physical assets and labor alone: also needed are the accumulation of technological capabilities, educational attainment, entrepreneurship, and the development of the necessary institutional infrastructure. One element of this infrastructure is the regime of intellectual property rights (IPR), particularly patents. Patents may promote innovation and catch up, and they may foster formal technology transfer. Yet they may also prove to be barriers for developing countries that intend to acquire technologies through imitation and reverse engineering. The current move to harmonize the IPR system internationally, such as the TRIPS agreement, may thus have unexpected consequences for developing countries.
This book explores these issues through an in depth study of eleven countries ranging from early developers (the USA, Nordic Countries and Japan), and Post World War 2 countries (Korea, Taiwan, Israel) to more recent emerging economies (Argentina, Brazil, China, India and Thailand).
With contributions from international experts on innovation systems, this book will be an invaluable resource for academics and policymakers in the fields of economic development, innovation studies and intellectual property laws.

EU legislation for the protection of designs has been described as a 'third way?'in contrast to traditional concepts of design protection. This book provides a thorough appraisal of the EU's unique Design Approach; assessing its formation, development and impact over the past decade. The EU Design Approach explores the rationale behind the creation of the Approach; including contributions from two leading EU scholars who were involved in its conception. The contributing authors provide an assessment of the impact that the Design Approach has had on present EU laws, national law systems and adjacent areas of law including copyright and competition law. Chapters also explore more problematic issues associated with the Approach such as: the role of design law in the wider EU framework for the protection of product shapes, and the balancing of interests between rights holders and users. Overall, this book demonstrates that the Design Approach has been largely successful in its aims despite there being some on-going points of contention. IP scholars will find this book to be a valuable resource of historical and comparative analysis. Practicing IP lawyers and policy makers will also benefit from the inclusion of up to date EU and national case law. Contributors include: G. Dinwoodie, S. Dogan, P. Fabbio, F. Kur, M. Levin, A. Ohly, J. Schovsbo, S. Teilmann-Lock, Q. Yin, W. Zhang

Mark Abell's book argues that the European franchising market fails to reach its potential as it remains unregulated. He supports this by analysing the historical legal and economic basics and risk/attraction profiles of franchising to franchisors and franchisee, compares the European situation to the highly developed regulatory regimes in the USA and Australia, and moves through to proposing and drafting a new EU directive to bring greater certainty and stability to cross border franchising in the EU. Comprehensively researched and very detailed, this book is a worthy contribution to the literature on the subject.' - Graham Cunningham, Barrister, HardwickeKey features of this detailed and insightful work include: - Practical analysis from a leading authority in the field of franchising. - Examination of the impact of both franchise specific and general commercial law upon use of franchising in the EU. - Comparative legal analysis of the law of England, Germany, France, the US and Australia. - Carefully constructed proposals for a franchise directive in the EU based on the vast experience of the author. - A draft text for the proposed directive. The Law and Regulation of Franchising in the EU provides an in-depth analysis of the regulatory environment for franchising in the EU. Franchising in the EU comprises nearly 10,000 franchised brands and over 215 billion (US$300 billion) turnover per annum. However, compared to its scale in the US and Australia, franchising is not realising its full potential in the EU and the author points to the lack of homogeneity across members states as a large part of the problem. The book concludes by arguing for the adoption of a draft directive, and proposes a draft directive, which promotes market confidence in franchising, provides pre-contractual hygiene and imposes a mandatory taxonomy of rights and obligations. This highly topical and comprehensive work will appeal to franchise lawyers and franchise academics as this is the first book that analyses the impact of EU and member state law upon the use of franchising in the EU. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Deconstructing the Contextualisation, Architecture, Rationale and Risks of Franchising 3. Does the Contractual and Regulatory Environment Support and Promote Franchising? 4. identifying a Catalyst to Re-engineer the Regulatory Environment 5. Re-engineering the Regulatory Environment for Franchising in the EU 6. Conclusion Appendix 1: Proposed Draft Franchise Directive Appendix 2: Analysis of Franchise Agreements Appendix 3: Statutes of the 21 Countries Outside of the EU that have Franchise Specific Laws Appendix 4: European Franchise Associations and Membership Table of Statutes Table of Cases Bibliography Index

Technology has affected a wide range of issues in our personal and professional lives. And in doing so it has opened the door for new legal questions, especially with regards to intellectual property, and more specifically, copyright. New legal questions have risen with respect to the authorship of web pages, databases, computer programs and, in general, multimedia work. Is this techology internationally protected? Can Internet piracy be considered piracy? To whom does the copyright belong when more than one author exists? When is it necessary to resort to technical protection devices? By examining international laws, such as the WIPO treaties and EU law, this book offers a clear answer to these questions while focusing on how copyright does or does not protect new technology. It also examines alternative ways of protecting technologies that present the real possibility of appealing to patent and trademark law as well as an overview of the multimedia concept and the origins of copyright. This book's simple structure should help the reader to understand how to utilize current laws to protect one's work and offers an interesting and informative analysis of the subject.

Routledge Q&As give you the tools to practice and refine your exam technique, showing you how to apply your knowledge to maximum effect in assessment. Each book contains essay and problem-based questions on the most commonly examined topics, complete with expert guidance and model answers that help you to: Plan your revision and know what examiners are looking for: Introducing how best to approach revision in each subject Identifying and explaining the main elements of each question, and providing marker annotation to show how examiners will read your answer Understand and remember the law: Using memorable diagram overviews for each answer to demonstrate how the law fits together and how best to structure your answer Gain marks and understand areas of debate: Providing revision tips and advice to help you aim higher in essays and exams Highlighting areas that are contentious and on which you will need to form an opinion Avoid common errors: Identifying common pitfalls students encounter in class and in assessment The series is supported by an online resource that allows you to test your progress during the run-up to exams. Features include: multiple choice questions, bonus Q&As and podcasts.

This open access book is the outcome of a Global Forum on Innovation, Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines held in December 2019 at the Max Plank Instititute in Munich, organised by the South Centre and the Max Plank Institute. The academics and experts from international organisations participating have contributed chapters to this book. The book is for policy makers (in Ministries of Health, Ministries of Trade, Ministries of Foreign Affairs, patent offices), but also relevant for academics (law, trade, public health), on the flexibilities available in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization to promote access to medicines.

This comprehensive Handbook brings together contributions from American, Canadian, European, and Japanese writers to better explore the interface between competition and intellectual property law. Issues range from the fundamental to the specific, each considered from the angle of cartels, dominant positions, and mergers. Topics covered include, among others, technology licensing, the doctrine of exhaustion, network industries, innovation, patents, and copyright. Appropriate space is devoted to the latest developments in European and American antitrust law, such as the 'more economic approach' and the question of anti-competitive abuses of intellectual property rights. Each original chapter reflects extensive comments by all other contributors, an approach which ensures a diversity of perspectives within a systematic framework. These cutting edge articles will be of great interest to law professors and postgraduate students of intellectual property and competition law, as well as those interested in innovation and competition theory, and legal practices in intellectual property and competition law.

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the UPOV Convention are increasingly relevant and important. They have technical, social and normative legitimacy and have standardised numerous concepts and practices related to plant varieties and plant breeding. In this book, Jay Sanderson provides the first sustained and detailed account of the Convention. Building upon the idea that it has an open-ended and contingent relationship with scientific, legal, technical, political, social and institutional actors, the author explores the Convention's history, concepts and practices. Part I examines the emergence of the UPOV Convention during the 1950s and its expanding legitimacy in relation to plant variety protection. Part II explores the Convention's key concepts and practices, including plant breeder, plant variety, plant names (denomination), characteristics, protected material, essentially derived varieties (EDV) and farm saved seed (FSS). This book is an invaluable resource for academics, policy makers, agricultural managers and researchers in this field.

Over the past twenty years, a number of nonprofit organizations (NPOs), such as Creative Commons, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the Free Software Foundation have laid essential building blocks for intellectual-commons as a social movement. Through a detailed description of these NPOs and a series of in-depth interviews with their officials, this book demonstrates that NPOs have provided the social structures that are necessary to support the production of intellectual commons. By illustrating NPOs' role in shaping the commons realm, this book provides a new lens through which to understand the intellectual-commons environment. Protecting intellectual-commons has been one of the most important goals of recent innovation and information policies. This book focuses on the NPOs that occupy an increasingly critical and visible position in the intellectual-commons environment in recent years. This detailed study will appeal to academics in intellectual property and internet law, nonprofit organizations, academics and professionals, and those involved in the Free Culture and Open Source Software Movement. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Commons, Intellectual Commons, and Their Tragedies 3. NPOs and the Commons Environment 4. Current NPO Theories and Their Applications 5. Associating NPOs with the Commons Environment 6. Conclusion Appendices Bibliography index

Non-Commercial digital piracy has seen an unprecedented rise in the wake of the digital revolution; with wide-scale downloading and sharing of copyrighted media online, often committed by otherwise law-abiding citizens. Bringing together perspectives from criminology, psychology, business, and adopting a morally neutral stance, this book offers a holistic overview of this growing phenomenon. It considers its cultural, commercial, and legal aspects, and brings together international research on a range of topics, such as copyright infringement, intellectual property, music publishing, movie piracy, and changes in consumer behaviour. This book offers a new perspective to the growing literature on cybercrime and digital security. This multi-disciplinary book is the first to bring together international research on digital piracy and will be key reading for researchers in the fields of criminology, psychology, law and business.

Competition and intellectual property rights (IPRs) are both necessary for a market to work efficiently and to promote consumer welfare. Properly applied, intellectual property rules define a legal framework which allows undertakings to profit from their inventions. This in turn encourages competition among firms and enhances dynamic efficiency, to the benefit of consumer welfare. Standard setting represents one of the fields where the interaction between competition law and IPRs clearly comes to light. The collaborative goal of standard setting organizations (SSOs) is to adopt and promote standards that either do not conflict with anyone's right or, if they do, are developed under condition that patents are licensed under defined terms. This book examines the tension between IPRs and competition in the standard setting field which can arise when innovators over-exploit the rights they have been granted and hold up an entire industry. The book compares EU and U.S. jurisdictions with a particular focus on the IT and telecommunication sectors. It scrutinizes those practices which could harm standard setting and its goals, looking at misleading conducts by SSOs' members which may lead to breach the EU and U.S. antitrust provisions on abuse of market power. Recent developments in EU and U.S. standard setting are analysed highlighting the differences in enforcement approaches. The book considers how the optimal balance between IPRs and industry standards can be struck, suggesting a policy model which takes into account both innovators' interests and SSOs' goals.

Content protection and digital rights management (DRM) are fields that receive a lot of attention: content owners require systems that protect and maximize their revenues; consumers want backwards compatibility, while they fear that content owners will spy on their viewing habits; and academics are afraid that DRM may be a barrier to knowledge sharing. DRM technologies have a poor reputation and are not yet trusted. This book describes the key aspects of content protection and DRM systems, the objective being to demystify the technology and techniques. In the first part of the book, the author builds the foundations, with sections that cover the rationale for protecting digital video content; video piracy; current toolboxes that employ cryptography, watermarking, tamper resistance, and rights expression languages; different ways to model video content protection; and DRM. In the second part, he describes the main existing deployed solutions, including video ecosystems; how video is protected in broadcasting; descriptions of DRM systems, such as Microsoft's DRM and Apple's FairPlay; techniques for protecting prerecorded content distributed using DVDs or Blu-ray; and future methods used to protect content within the home network. The final part of the book looks towards future research topics, and the key problem of interoperability. While the book focuses on protecting video content, the DRM principles and technologies described are also used to protect many other types of content, such as ebooks, documents and games. The book will be of value to industrial researchers and engineers developing related technologies, academics and students in information security, cryptography and media systems, and engaged consumers.