This text provides approaches and methodologies for implementing pollution prevention (P2) and waste minimization programmes to reduce manufacturing operational costs significantly. It focuses on reducing manufacturing and environmental compliance costs by instituting feedstock substitution, improved operational schemes, recycling and by-product recovery, waste minimization, and energy efficiency policies, and offers project cost accounting tools that assist in evaluating money-saving P2 options.

"Applies science and engineering principles to the analysis, design, and implementation of technical schemes to characterize, treat, modify, and reuse/store waste and contaminated media. Includes site remediation."

The environmental analysis of pollution problems always involves the use of mass and energy balances to quantify the extent of pollution and its sources. This same form of analysis can be applied to ecosystems, production systems, a whole country or a region. A Systems Approach to the Environmental Analysis of Pollution Minimization identifies and describes the common factors shared by these systems. The book is organized in twelve chapters and progresses from general concepts to specific assessment methods. Chapter one is a general introduction to environmental management principles. Chapter two discusses conservation principles and their applications to environmental health. Chapters three and four explore ecosystem health, properties and analysis. Chapters five through eleven present different methods of analysis including Green Accounting, Clean Technology, Life Cycle Analysis, and Risk Assessment. Editor Sven Jorgensen closes the book with a sweeping summary. Jorgensen is a internationally published authority on the use and analysis of ecosystem models. His new book is a comprehensive guide for both students and professionals. A Systems Approach to the Environmental Analysis of Pollution Minimization is an invaluable contribution. Features

The state of the art in the area of security related civil science and technology concerning energetic materials and munitions is of pressing importance at the present time, because 10 years after the end of the cold war, in many countries in east and west, huge stockpiles of munitions still await destruction. The safety behavior of munitions and their energetic material is the determining factor for all precautionary measures for the protection of environment and population. The probability of a catastrophic reaction of munitions and their energetic components will be so more likely, the closer the munitions are to the end of their life time. Residues and undetected ordnance, recycling, destruction of ammunition and depletion or reuse of energetic materials will either cause more or less damage to environment. Scientific research and development have the aim to increase performance of munitions on one side and to improve safety in relation to unpredictable events on the other side. The impact on the environment by the production and normal use of munitions and their residues after use will acquire an increasing importance in environmental awareness. The excellent technical presentations were classified in five Groups, according to the technical programme. The "Introduction to the subject; Methods, tests and application; Insensitive and "green" munitions; Storage and transportation; and Demilitarisation and recycling" sessions, were closed by a final and general interesting discussion among participants.

The eighth volume in the "Encyclopedia of Environmental Control Technology" series, this book is closely related to volume seven "High Hazard Pollutants". While a portion of that work was devoted entirely to workplace environmental hazards (mainly chemical in nature), this volume expands dramatically on the subject, and deals with a host of occupational hazards ranging from air quality to emergencies, to medical waste management. Detection and prevention of workplace dangers, safety audits and personal protection are the prevailing concepts of this work. As with previous volumes in this series, there are many case stuxdies, literature reviews, and updates on environmental legislation.

Pesticides play an important role in controlling pests that carry diseases and threaten crop production. In recent years, however, there has been increased concern about the adverse impacts of pesticides and their degradation products on public health and the environment. A considerable amount of work is being done to develop nonchemical methods of pest control, but it is not yet feasible to dispense with the use of chemical pesticides. Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution brings together, in a single volume, current knowledge on environmental pollution caused by pesticides. It helps readers evaluate the effects that pesticide residues have in all compartments of the environment. Featuring contributions by eminent scientists from around the world, the book gives an overview of the fate and transport of pesticides and their degradation in the environment. Detailing the sources, concentration, and hazards of residues, it examines their effects in humans, birds and mammals, fish, soil invertebrates, soil microflora, aquatic invertebrates, water, milk products, and more. The book also addresses endocrine-disrupting pesticides and explores biopesticides as alternatives to chemical pesticides. A review of data on the potential hazards of pesticides, this reference will be of interest to readers working in the areas of chemical crop protection and pollution management. It adds a balanced perspective to the debate between those who think that pesticides should be banned and those who consider the continued use of large quantities to be necessary for the survival of humanity. See also Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues Analysis (CRC Press, 2009).

Determination of Metals and Anions in Soils, Sediments and Sludges is the first volume which comprehensively discusses the range of methods currently available for the analysis of metals and anions in soils, river and marine sediments and industrial sludges. There are specialist chapters on sampling, pollutant accumulation in sediments and bioaccumulation from soils to crops. A particular feature of this volume is its coverage of solid sewage, which is increasingly being applied to land as a fertilizer. An essential reference for chemists and toxicologists involved in water resource management, agrochemistry, fisheries and public health.

Interest in phytoremediation as a solution for contaminants in groundwater and soil has exploded. The project documented in Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils presents innovative technology for environmental clean up using in situ treatment. It describes the results of a field study focusing on hydrocarbon contamination, especially polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, in surface and near surface soils. The field demonstration used soils contaminated with aged diesel fuels. The random block design enabled the investigators to test the statistical difference in the effects of different vegetated and unvegetated treatments. They tested the degradation of diesel and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon components in plots containing three different vegetation treatments, two grasses and a legume, and a non-vegetated control. Part one of the monograph gives a complete and thorough account of the results of the field study. Part two covers the design and potential costs of a full-scale implementation of the demonstration system as well as the performance and potential application of the new technology. Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils supplies quantitative results about the use of vegetation in soil remediation. The information given on the niches and limitations of the technologies allows for a more informed selection of remedial solutions for environmental cleanup.

As the field of environmental management moves into the future, its focus will be on reducing or eliminating waste pollution streams. Engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel must develop proficiency and improved understanding of pollution prevention and waste control to cope with the challenges of this important area. Pollution Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century covers - in a thorough and clear style - the fundamentals of pollution prevention and their application to real-world problems. The book is divided into three parts: Process and Plant Fundamentals, Pollution Prevention Principles, and Pollution Prevention Applications. Part one examines the general subject of process and plant fundamentals, equipment and calculation, process diagrams and economic considerations. Part two covers the broad subject of pollution prevention options, including chapters on source reduction, recycling, treatment methods, and ultimate disposal. Part three contains chapters devoted to specific industrial applications involving pollution prevention. The text is generously supplemented with illustrative examples. Applying pollution prevention strategies - the most viable environmental management option of the future - offers a more cost-effective means of minimizing the generation of waste. Pollution Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century provides the basic principles required for understanding not only pollution prevention but also waste control.

This new edition discusses chemical and engineering principles as they apply to the cleanup and removal of hazardous chemicals from soil and groundwater. There is emphasis on environmental chemistry, soil science, microbiology, and plant science. The first part of the book provides an overview of the recent history of environmental contamination and the formulation of relevant regulations for hazardous waste site remediation. This part also provides a background for several salient aspects of site remediation (e.g., soil science, the site assessment process). The second part of the book examines field remediation technologies, including phytoremediation, bioremediation, and several chemical and physical technologies. Theory of operation, practical considerations, and possible environmental impacts and other consequences of their use are discussed. *Covers both metal- and hydrocarbon-based contamination and remediation *Many competitors only address one industry, or source, of contamination-this title provides an overview of all of the sources. *Presents both the assessment of contaminated sites and the technologies currently available for environmental cleanup *Effective for use in field situations and for academic (i.e., university course) use. *Two new chapters: (i) the use of nanomaterials for remediation of contaminated soil and water; and (ii) revegetation of severely disturbed sites.

Much of the convenience of modern life resides in sheet metal, the cowling shield of most machines and appliances. However, the load that this takes off human shoulders has to be carried elsewhere, and the Earth has borne the burden. Many of us woke up to the environmental cost when over a century of industrialization finally surpassed the capacity of nature to assimilate it. International in scope, Heavy Metals in the Environment: Using Wetlands for Their Removal discusses wetland functions and heavy metal contamination. It addresses such questions as: Can systems powered by sunlight handle toxins more effectively than systems running on fossil fuel? At what scale and by what means do we define efficiency? These questions resonate increasingly with a number of global challenges. As inescapable as climate change, you can no longer avoid airborne toxins, acid rain, and polluted water by moving away from them. When the time comes to rely less on fossil fuel-based technology, how will we clean up the aftermath of toxic misadventures? Written by a leader in the growing field of ecological engineering, Heavy Metals in the Environment: Using Wetlands for Their Removal presents scientific studies that illustrate how natural systems use wetlands to adapt to changes in the ecosystem. It focuses primarily on lead, one of the first materials used by developing civilizations and a metal used heavily in the industrial era. The goal: to achieve a better understanding of how natural systems use wetlands to adapt to wastes.

Mathematical models are the effective tool to solve different tasks predicting pollutant movement. The finite difference method is the oldest, but still remains widely used in hydrogeological practice. However, this method is not very useful to construct the new transport models because it cannot approximate the shape of remediation elements exactly. Therefore the book is concerned with the FEM (Finite Element Method) and BEM (Boundary Element Method), and also with the comparison of advantages of these methods in groundwater hydrology. The combination of the BEM and the random-walk particle tracking method, which seems to be a very useful tool to model the spread of pollution in groundwater, are also presented. The computer programmes have been developed on the basis of the theoretical backgrounds of these methods. They use the Visual C++ programming language for Windows 95/NT platform and will be included in the book.

Pollution of the environment with organic compounds, mostly due to industrial ac- tivities, has become a major environmental issue. The situation is getting worse due to the continued release of large amounts of chemicals and the broadening of the spectrum of xenobiotics that to which the biosphere is exposed to. The field of biodegradation and bioremediation has experienced a dynamic and in- tense period of development during the last few years, encompassing all its different disci- plines: Isolation and characterization of new microorganisms with novel catabolic activities, understanding the specific enzymatic mechanisms underlying biodegradation, rational design of genetically engineered degrading microorganisms, and studying the in- teraction of the degrading organism with biotic and abiotic components within the envi- ronment to allow development of efficient bioremediation processes. nd This book, devoted to the proceedings of the 42 OHOLO Conference on "Novel Approaches for Bioremediation of Organic Pollution" which was held in Eilat, Israel, in May 1998, obviously does not cover the full range of bioremediation research. However, an attempt has been made to address the major issues in bioremediation of organic pollu- tion. The four sessions of the conference covered a wide spectrum of topics, from the lab research-characterization of enzymes and pathways, genetic design of degradative mi- croorganisms, to the field application issues-bioaccessibility, bioavailability, process de- velopment and field studies.

In this volume, experts from universities, government labs and industry share their findings on the microbiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of biodegradation and bioremediation. The text covers numerous topics, including: bioavailability, biodegradation of various pollutants, microbial community dynamics, properties and engineering of important biocatalysts, and methods for monitoring bioremediation processes. Microbial processes are environmentally compatible and can be integrated with non-biological processes to detoxify, degrade and immobilize environmental contaminants.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise and critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

This title, first published in 1990, is intended to assess the impact of national environmental control policies on international trade and competitiveness in general, and, in particular, the impact of differential environmental control policies on the international trade and competiveness of the two industrialized nations, Germany and the United States. To assess the impact of differential environmental control policies on trade, this study applies a comparative analysis of the two countries.

The book presents a review of research and pilot-scale efforts undertaken by scientists all over the world towards utilization of solar energy for environmental remediation. It gives a complete account of the solar photocatalytic degradation of pollutants present in wastewater and atmosphere and also discusses the solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of plastics in the form of composite. The text further describes the hydrogen generation by photocatalytic water splitting. Various solar collectors and reactors used especially for environmental remediation are also elucidated. Please note: This volume is Co-published with The Energy and Resources Institute Press, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

Environmental pollution by man-made Persistent Organic Chemicals (POCs) has been a serious global issue for over half a century. Exposure to POCs may result in health effects, including, endocrine disruption leading to birth defects, intellectual disability, low testosterone, childhood obesity, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, POCs have been the subject of intensive regional, national, and international efforts to limit the production, use, and disposal of these chemicals. Since POCs are ubiquitous and recalcitrant, and cause long-term effects on wildlife and humans, trend monitoring studies are valuable in making clear the behavior and fate of these compounds and to protect our environment and living resources. The Pacific Basin is a unique geographical region representing tropical, temperate and polar zones. This region is home to two-thirds of the world's population and consists of rapidly growing economies (countries) and highly developed countries. Due to this diversity of climatic and socio-economic conditions, environment and biota in different countries in this basin have varying degrees of environmental contamination and effects on wildlife and humans. The Pacific Rim countries play a pivotal role in governing global POC contamination and resulting harmful health effects. Because articles on POCs and their effect on environment and health are published in a large number of different journals, it is useful to have a book that includes original papers and reviews on the latest advances by well-known scientists in the field, especially focusing on the countries in the Pacific Rim. The two volumes of this book satisfy this need. Topics covered in Volume 2 include lessons learned from three decades monitoring contaminants in Pacific Basin wildlife samples from the USA's Marine Environmental Specimen Bank; spatial and temporal trends of brominated flame retardants, PCBs, pesticides, and dioxins/furans, in the environment and biota in the USA, Colombia, China, Korea and Japan; emission of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in the USA and Vietnam; and possible application of bio-analytical assays in the biological impact assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Mangrove sediments in Southeast Asia with particular reference to Malaysia. The collection of chapters in these volumes may serve as a reasonable representation of current and future trends of POCs in the Pacific Basin countries. It is hoped that the book can inspire students and researchers, as well as professionals, to facilitate the understanding of the environmental and biological behavior of these persistent chemicals and to help in the development of strategies and practices for protecting the global environment for future generations.

Increased awareness surrounding environmental protection has prompted the development of more ecofriendly technologies. This book provides useful information on technologies based upon the use of biological agents for environmental clean-up, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, and plants. Some chapters refer to the direct application of products derived from plants and microorganisms for designing strategies of environmental remediation. The combination of strategies helps in efficient removal of pollutants generated from anthropogenic activities with minimal environmental impact. This book is meant for professionals involved in environmental technology and waste management.

The third edition of "Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment" explains the fundamental principles of mass transport, chemical partitioning, and chemical/biological transformations in surface waters, in soil and groundwater, and in air. Each of these three major environmental media is introduced by descriptive overviews, followed by a presentation of the controlling physical, chemical, and biological processes. The text emphasizes intuitively based mathematical models for chemical transport and transformations in the environment, and serves both as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in environmental science and engineering, and as a standard reference for environmental practitioners.
Includes many worked examples as well as extensive exercises at the end of each chapterIllustrates the interconnections and similarities among environmental media through its coverage of surface waters, the subsurface, and the atmosphereWritten and organized concisely tomapto a single-semester courseDiscusses and builds upon fundamental concepts, ensuring that the material is accessible to readers who do not have an extensive background in environmental science"

Air and water pollution occurs when toxic pollutants of varying kinds (organic, inorganic, radioactive and so on) are directly or indirectly discharged into the environment without adequate treatment to remove these potential pollutants. There are a total of 13 book chapters in three sections contributed by significant number of expert authors around the world, aiming to provide scientific knowledge and up-to-date development of various solid wastes based cost-effective adsorbent materials and its sustainable application in the removal of contaminates/pollutants from air, gas and water. This book is useful for the professions, practicing engineers, scientists, researchers, academics and undergraduate and post-graduate students' interest on this specific area. Key Features: * Exclusive compilation of information on use of industrial and agricultural waste based adsorbents for air and water pollution abatement. * Explores utilization of industrial solid wastes in adsorptive purification and agricultural and agricultural by-products in separation and purification. * Discusses cost-effective solid wastes based emerging adsorbents. * Alternative adsorbents in the removal of a wide range of contaminants and pollutants from water is proposed. * Includes performance of unit operations in waste effluents treatment.

Originally published in 1990, this study tracks the issues, progress and problems in environmental issues in the United States from the 1980's. Improvements in air and water quality as well as regulation of hazardous waste and toxic substances has led to new policies such as the Superfund Act and a general increase in awareness about environmental issues on a federal level. Placing an emphasis on economics, these papers analyse the effectiveness of environmental policy and progress made in relation to air pollution, water quality, hazardous wastes, toxic substances and enforcement of regulations. This title will be of interest to students of environmental studies.

The carbon markets are in the middle of a fundamental crisis - a crisis marked by collapsing prices, fleeing actors, and ever increasing greenhouse gas levels. Yet carbon trading remains at the heart of global attempts to respond to climate change. Not only this, but markets continue to proliferate - particularly in the Global South. The Politics of Carbon Markets helps to make sense of this paradox and brings two urgently needed insights to the analysis of carbon markets. First, the markets must be understood in relation to the politics involved in their development, maintenance and opposition. Second, this politics is multiform and pervasive. Implementation of new techniques and measuring tools, policy development and contestation, and the structuring context of institutional settings and macro-social forces all involve a variety of political actors and create new forms of political agency. The contributions study the total extent of the carbon markets, from their prehistory to their contemporary expansion and wider impacts. This wide-ranging political perspective on the carbon markets is invaluable to those studying and interested in ecological markets, climate change governance and environmental politics.

Pollution damages materials, but it has changed dramatically in the past century, with a reduction in the concentration of corrosive primary pollutants in urban atmospheres. At the same time, architectural styles and types of materials have changed, as we have moved to more organically rich, photochemically active atmospheres. Contemporary pollutants have a greater potential to degrade organic coatings and polymers, which are of great importance to modern structures.Urban Pollution and Changes to Materials and Building Surfaces examines a range of materials, discussing the ways in which they are likely to be damaged by contemporary urban pollutants, with an emphasis on the effects of air pollution. A chapter on graffiti is also included.The wide scope covered means that this volume is suitable for readers from a broad background. It should be of interest to scientists and policymakers dealing with the effects of urban pollution, as well as undergraduate and graduate students working in this area.This book, with its wealth of information, is of exceedingly good value for readers who seek to understand more on the changes of materials and building surfaces by urban pollution.