Understanding urban air pollution is a prerequisite to finding effective solutions to air quality problems and for a sustainable development in the urban environment. In this book the current state of the art in urban air pollution research is presented. A major focus is on suitable air pollution modelling concepts, covering also street canyon geometries. Such models may be applied to establish source-receptor relationships in support of urban air quality management. Procedures for evaluating the performance of air pollution models are proposed, and results from field experiments and laboratory studies are shown to provide better insight into the characteristics of air pollution at the urban and local scales. The contents of this book are of a high policy relevance, given their direct connection to the formulation of improved tools for urban air quality assessments.

The scientific work described in this book is the result of an international coopera tion of over 60 researchers from many different European countries over more than 10 years. Considerable advances have been made in the development, appli cation and improvement of methods and models for the calculation of emissions. Work on the quantification of uncertainties of emission data could be enhanced and carried out and uncertainty assessments conducted. The developed methods present the current state of the art in this field. Collaboration of teams has taken place under the EUROTRAC, the EUREKA project on the transport and chemical transformation of trace constituents in the troposphere over Europe extensive and networks of joint research work could be established across Europe. The editors wish to express their gratitude to all contributing authors and their teams for their cooperation, without which this book could never have been com piled. Furthermore, authors and editors alike are much obliged to the International Scientific Secretariate (ISS) of EUROTRAC, in particular Dr. Pauline Midgley, for outstanding support in the preparation of this book."

Traditional reliance on chemical analysis to understand the direction and extent of treatment in a bioremediation process has been found to be inadequate. Whereas the goal of bioremediation is toxicity reduction, few direct, reliable measures of this process are as yet available. Another area of intense discussion is the assessment of market forces contributing to the acceptability of bioremediation. Finally, another important component is a series of lectures and lively exchanges devoted to practical applications of different bioremediation technologies. The range of subjects covers a wide spectrum, encompassing emerging technologies as well as actual, full-scale operations. Examples discussed include landfarming, biopiling, composting, phytoremediation and mycoremediation. Each technology is explored for its utility and capability to provide desired treatment goals.

Advantages and limitations of each technology are discussed. The concept of natural attenuation is also critically evaluated since in some cases where time to remediation is not a significant factor, it may be an alternative to active bioremediation operations.

In the continuing fight against organic environmental xenobiotics, the initial success attributed to bioremediation has paled, in part due to the low availability of xenobiotics entrapped within a soil or sediment matrix. This has generated a very significant wave of interest in the bioavailability issue. However, much experimental evidence is puzzling or contradictory, mechanistic theories are embryonic, and implications for the practice of bioremediation or concerning the natural fate of xenobiotics are still tentative. The debate in Europe and the USA is vigorous. Eastern Europe, following the liberalisation of the economy and political life, is evolving in a similar direction. In many cases, however, limited access to literature sources, severe language barriers, and the lack of a strong pluridisciplinary tradition are hampering the adoption of state of the art techniques. Originally intended to allow scientists in East European countries to become acquainted with the key aspects of the bioavailability debate that is unfolding in the scientific literature in the West, and with its implications for bioremediation efforts, the present book presents a very complete coverage of the theoretical and practical aspects of the (limited) bioavailability of organic xenobiotics in the environment.

Certain types of pesticides are widely used in agriculture in all parts of the world due to their relatively low cost, broad spectrum of activity, and high efficiency. These pollutants contaminate not only the surrounding soils and water but, in many cases, also enter into the drinking water. The Handbook of Research on the Adverse Effects of Pesticide Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of the prevention of accumulation of toxic pollutants such as agrochemicals and organochlorine pesticides in aquatic ecosystems and applications within ecology and agriculture. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as pesticide monitoring, metabolites, and risk assessment, this book is ideally designed for scientists, researchers, engineers, policymakers, agricultural specialists, industrialists, academicians, and students seeking current research on the risks of water contaminants in small ecosystems.

This book provides extensive information on high-temperature H2S removal for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coarse gas, together with briefly introductions to the concept of clean coal technology, and to the mechanism and kinetics of hot coal gas desulfurizers. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of available control methods for high-temperature H2S removal in IGCC coarse gas and how the technology has been adopted by industry. As such, the book offers a unique resource for researchers and engineers in the fields of energy science and technology, environmental science and technology, and chemical engineering.

Climate change is not only one of the greatest threats to modern civilization; it is also a great challenge to economic development in the 21st century. Global warming can lead to periods of both drought and intense rain, causing crops to fail and ruining the livelihoods of many in underdeveloped countries. The Handbook of Research on Climate Change Impact on Health and Environmental Sustainability is an authoritative reference source that offers a comprehensive and timely analysis of various aspects of global warming and its consequences. Featuring such topics as assessment of and adaption to climate change, water and its socio-economic impact, the environmental effects of climate change on human health, and the mitigation of climate change on both a local and global level, this expansive handbook is an essential reference source for students, researchers, academicians, engineers, government executives, and other practitioners looking to make a difference in the treatment of our environment. This publication features timely research on subjects including, but not limited to, climate change and its effect on both urbanization and the trade competitiveness of different regions, water-related diseases flourishing due to climate change, health risks and rethinking health service provision, losses from natural disasters, farmers' views on the environment, drought management policies, groundwater resource management, trends in long-term rainfall, fishery management and productivity, preserving biodiversity, and sustainable forest use.

Contaminated Soils Volume 9 contains 38 technical papers, covering a wide range of environmental issues. Volume discussion includes: Part I Bioremediation; Part II Chemical Oxidation; Part III Heavy Metals; Part IV MTBE; Part V Phytoremediation; Part VI Radiation; Part VII Regulatory and Legal issues; Part VIII Remediation; Part IX Risk Based Cleanup; and Part X Site Assessment.

Contributing authors to this volume are from government agencies, academic institutions, the consulting community and industrial companies. This important volume documents the state of environmental science and provides perspective on where we as an industry have come from. Increased scientific, engineering and consulting alliances and collaboration should drive our efforts going forward.

The book describes the current state of former opencast mines in six countries. The remediation and reclamation of abandoned opencast mines are considered as a chance for new sustainable ecological, sociological and cultural developments in the regions concerned. The examples quoted from different countries allow the results of different remediation strategies to be compared. By way of conclusion, some recommendations are given at the end.

Nowhere is the conflict between economic progress and environmental quality more apparent than in the mineral extraction industries. The latter half of the 20th century saw major advances in the reclamation technologies. However, mine water pollution problems have not been addressed. In many cases, polluted mine water long outlives the life of the mining operation. As the true cost of long-term water treatment responsibilities has become apparent, interest has grown in the technologies that would decrease the production of contaminated water and make its treatment less costly. This is the first book to address the mine water issue head-on. The authors explain the complexities of mine water pollution by reviewing the hydrogeological context of its formation, and provide an up-to-date presentation of prevention and treatment technologies. The book will be a valuable reference for all professionals who encounter polluted mine water on a regular or occasional basis.

Organised by the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Research and Development Programme, the International Conference on Technologies for Activities Implemented Jointly was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, May 26-29 (1997). The papers presented at the conference and published in these proceedings reflect the theme that Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) is a major tool to facilitate practical demonstration and development of greenhouse gas mitigation technologies. Published in a single volume under the title "Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, " the proceedings cover the following key areas: Key Note Presentations; International Initiatives; Enhancing Sinks and Stores; Maximising Joint Benefits; Improved Energy Technology; Asian Development Bank; Transport; Transmission and End Use.
The concept of AIJ will facilitate international cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and mitigate effects of climate change. In publishing these internationally-relevant conference proceedings, "Greenhouse Gas Mitigation "is likely to prove an invaluable reference tool for those engaged in research and application of initiatives to combat climate change.

Newly developed and innovative methods are mentioned and outlined so that the book can be used as a source of information for scientists and professionals specialised in the treatment of soils as well as for students in courses of environmental studies. The book offers a short, compressed overview of the important features of this subject and can be used as a reference book of the state of the art. The appendix offers the interested reader a detailed survey of materials, test methods and apparatuses as well as a description of analytical directions and processes.

Environmental protection has been a matter of public awareness for many years. However, improvement of environmental quality is not always considered in terms of economic advantage. Rigorous evaluation of the relationship between economy and environment suggests a positive feedback between social benefits (public health, education, technology) and economic development. Definition of environmental quality includes determination of origins, distributions and dispersion mechanisms of xenobiotic substances. Risk assessment incorporating measures for preventive/corrective policy may then follow. Environmental protection requires global participation and concomitant exchange of ideas. The present book introduces specialists to environmental issues. In particular it supplements formal training in chemistry disciplines, covering: Environmental protection regulations Social cultural factors influencing environmental policy Scientific tools to support the environmental management Pollution dispersion processes Analytical chemistry aspects Protection and management of water resources Hazardous waste treatments.

This Volume covers protocols for various applications in hydrocarbon microbiology, including those of interest for industrial processes, biocatalysis, lipid and biofuel production, bioproducts, or the human microbiome. It presents detailed protocols for the functional screening of enzymes acting on greasy molecules (i.e. lipases, esterases), including assays for enantioselective biocatalysts, as well as approaches for protein display technologies. Protocols for improving fuel quality and production of biofuel and lipids in different hosts (bacteria, algae, yeast) are also provided. The production of biogas from organic waste and its fermentation into value-added products such as polyhydroxyalkanoates is covered, as well as an in-vitro model of the gut microbiome for short-chain fatty acid metabolism and microbial diversity analyses. The applications presented are examples of the many potential applications in hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology, and many (i.e. protein-display technologies) will also be of interest in other research fields. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols There are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids, and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle, which is largely driven by microorganisms, has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels, plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce, consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

The many thousands of human-made and other chemical compounds present in the environment offer a serious challenge to our btosphere. It is appropriate, therefore, that our response to these products of human kno- edge and ingenuity should draw on a body of mtenstve scientific endeavor that is no less impressive. Bioremediation offers the possibility of harnessing the diversity of the biosphere to degrade, remove, alter, or otherwise detoxify these various chemicals. It brings together scientists from a wide variety of disciplines and backgrounds, such as microbiology, molecular biology, a- lytical chemistry, and chemical and environmental engineering, among o- ers. These different fields, each with its own individual approach, have actively contributed to the development of bioremediation research tn recent years. The prmcipal objective of Bioremediation Protocols is to make the fruits of some of this research available in a different format to that of the textbook or journal article. It provides a selection of clearly written laboratory pro- cols presented as stepwise, easy-to-follow mstructions. In common with p- wous volumes in this and the companion Methods in Molecular Biology series, an extensive "Notes" section is provided with each chapter. This contains u- ful mformation (of a type often not normally included m a research paper) supplementmg the protocol. Reviews and case studies are also included to provide a deeper context to the methods chapters.

Old-style manufacturing, embodied in industrial parks that litter the landscape, may soon become dinosaurs of industrial development. These "Jurassic Parks" of the past will be replaced by new eco-industrial parks (EIPs) that link manufacturers more closely together into an industrial ecosystem for business and environmental excellence. Companies have always depended on a larger ecology of suppliers, customers, geography and market to be successful, but a popular mythology was that each company was an island. Abandoning this fantasy by consciously integrating into a larger industrial ecology is smart business that draws on the overall system of interactions to nourish corporate success-and the environment. Eco-industrial development, born from the realisation that the places where we work waste too much and unnecessarily pollute the land, air, and water, simply stated, demands a better way of working. From eco-parks-most famously at Kalundborg in Denmark-to virtual networks, this progressive perspective on economic development is taking shape in communities across the United States and around the world. Eco-industrial Strategies is edited by Ed Cohen-Rosenthal, a pioneer in the field of industrial ecology, whose untimely passing early in 2002 has left this book as a legacy to his passion and commitment to improving both the environment and places in which people work. The book explores the key issues involved in eco-industrial development and identifies the stakeholders and their roles in such projects. In addition, it offers a compendium of eco-industrial development case studies. While an increasing number of handbooks and manuals focus on eco-industrial development, no other book containing process analysis, a breakdown of stakeholder responsibility, and case study assessment exists. What sets this work apart is the pooling together of resources and knowledge from a wide array of sources within the eco-industrial field and the framing of the concept from multiple angles. Eco-industrial Strategies aims to accomplish a two-step "inform and empower" process. First, it familiarises readers with eco-industrial development, its innovative proclivity and applicability to diverse circumstances. Second, it provides the fundamental tools and motivational creativity to implement independent eco-industrial projects. The introductory chapters of this book present several overarching concepts and perspectives of the field, which pay particular attention to the technological, economic and social elements. The next section focuses on the role of the various stakeholders involved in eco-industrial development. Each chapter sets out to answer various questions relating to the stakeholders' place in the system, specifically: what are the stakeholders' particular interests, in what ways can they participate in the process, and how do they relate to other actors and stakeholders? These chapters also respond to questions regarding the relationship between stakeholders and eco-industrial development. Chiefly, they trace the flow of benefits, and various other impacts and repercussions, among and between the stakeholders and the development project. Since eco-industrial development involves countless groups and individuals, this book focuses on five distinct and comprehensive categories: namely, central government, local government, surrounding community, development community, and energy resources. The third section outlines several matters related to conceptualisation, design, operation and assessment of eco-industrial projects. Concentrating on the core legal, environmental, management, financial, real estate and evaluative aspects, the book presents the critical components of each issue and also provides an understanding of the unique attributes eco-industrial development brings to the equation. The case-study portion of this book provides vignettes of actual work in progress. Each chapter details the key characteristics of the effort and the process undertaken in developing the eco-industrial project. The studies focus primarily on issues considered in the preceding sections, such as project funding, stakeholder engagement and environmental stewardship. In addition, they recount achievements, threats to success, ways obstacles were overcome, and details on the project's future. Eco-industrial Strategies showcases development projects from around the world, including Asia, Canada, Denmark and the United States, situated in a variety of settings: for example, army bases, industrial parks and virtual networks. This eclectic mix of development structures and contexts is indicative of the diversity apparent in eco-industrial projects overall and allows readers to glean functional and constructive lessons adaptable to their particular circumstances. Accordingly, this section stands as a testament to the widespread applicability of eco-industrial development, and as inspiration for practitioners in both traditional and unconventional settings. An idea and practice still in its infancy, eco-industrial development will undergo many evolutions beyond what this collaborative work is able to capture. As a document of the concept's earliest theorists, Eco-industrial Strategies provides current and future readership with an understanding of eco-industrial development's foundations, its beginnings and its aspirations. Most excitingly, policy-makers, industry professionals, community developers, grass-roots activists, and all other readers yearning for a better way to work and live, will experience a glimpse of the thoughts, concerns, ambitions, technological insight, communities and economies that embody eco-industrial development.

The focus of this publication is pollutants in the museum environment, their sources, how they can harm works of art, and what to do about it.

The Handbook of Environmental Health is a must for the reference library of anyone with environmental concerns. Written by experts in the field and co-published by the National Environmental Health Association, this volume continues to be a valuable college textbook and major information resource on environmental issues.

The two-volume Handbook of Environmental Health has been a standard reference for over 23 years. Completely revised and expanded to reflect the latest developments and discoveries in this constantly changing and evolving field, the fourth edition continues to provide a basis for understanding the interactions between humans and the environment and how such interactions affect the health and welfare of individuals. Each volume includes a chapter on instrumentation, state-of-the-art graphics, a brand new comprehensive bibliography, and an index. They are an ideal text/reference for college and university students or professionals in the environmental, health, and occupational safety fields.

Focusing on factors that are generally associated with the outdoor environment, Volume II discusses a variety of environmental issues such as: toxic air pollutants and air quality control, risk assessment, solid and hazardous waste problems and controls; safe drinking water problems and standards; on-site and public sewage problems and control; plumbing hazards; air, water, and solid waste programs; technology transfer; geographic information systems and mapping; bioterrorism and security, disaster emergency health programs, ocean dumping; and much more.

The book covers the recently discovered oxidative process driven by zero-valent iron (ZVI) in the presence of oxygen and a further developed system which is named ZEA (Zero-valent iron, EDTA, Air). Future potential applications for en- ronmentalremediationusingthisprocessarealsodiscussed. Theoxidativeprocess wasdiscoveredduringthecourseofmolinate(athiocarbamateherbicide)degra- tion experiments. Both ferrous iron and superoxide (or, at pH < 4. 8, hydroperoxy) radicals appear to be generated on corrosion of the ZVI with resultant production of strongly oxidizing entities capable of degrading the trace contaminant. Fenton oxidationandoxidativeby-productswereobservedduringnanosizedZVI(nZV- mediateddegradationofmolinateunderaerobicconditions. Toassessthepotential applicationofnZVIforoxidativetransformationoforganiccontaminants,thec- version of benzoic acid (BA) to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) was used as a probe reaction. When nZVI was added to BA-containing water, an initial pulse of p-HBA was detected during the ?rst 30 minutes, followed by the slow generation of additional p-HBA over periods of at least 24 hours. The ZEA system showed that chlorinated phenols, organophosphorus and EDTA have been degraded. The mechanism by which the ZEA reaction proceeds is hypothesized to be through reactive oxygen intermediates. The ZVI-mediated oxidation and ZEA system may be useful for in situ applications of nZVI particles and may also provide a means of oxidizing organic contaminants in granular ZVI-containing permeable reactive barriers. The purpose of this book is to provide information on the recently discovered chemical process, which could revolutionize the treatment of pesticides and c- taminated water. It also aims to offer signi?cant insights to the knowledge for potential applications of ZVI-based technology. Oxidative degradation of herbicides (e. g.

To comply with legal and other standards, businesses and regulators are increasingly required to make decisions based on risk assessments of the potential effects of their activities on the environment. Atmospheric dispersion modelling is a cost-effective method, allowing various scenarios to be explored before expensive investment takes place. This guide offers advice on this environmental management tool. Unlike much of the previous literature, it doesn't focus excessively on the mathematical theory behind the modelling or on modelling for specific regulatory purposes. Instead, it offers an understanding of the background to the methodologies, providing exercises to develop the skills to carry these out and including examples of the use of commercially available models to enable the reader to assess the results of modelling for risk assessment.

This book identifies four key forms of air pollution: indoor, urban, regional and global. It discusses how these four types of pollution are manifest in today's society and examines the scientific and policy challenges that stand in the way of progress. Written in a style that balances scientific underpinnings with accessible language, Pearson and Derwent examine the sources and historical context of air pollutants, before dedicating a chapter to each of the key forms. Armed with these basics, they begin to address the challenges faced by improving indoor, urban and regional air quality, whilst reducing global warming in the years ahead. This leads to a greater understanding of the challenges of global climate change, with new proposals for reducing global warming. However, the authors conclude that it is only when we have a scenario of reforestation combined with reductions in emissions of all greenhouse gases that real progress will be made in the fight against climate change. Then, air pollution will also be consigned to history. With a foreword written by Professor James Lovelock, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of climate change and environmental policy, as well as air quality professionals working in this important field.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy, and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.